{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T18:05:26Z","timestamp":1773338726736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a technique that uses an interactive virtual environment for the rehabilitation treatment of patients with mechanical strabismus and\/or amblyopia who have lost eye movement. The relevant part of this treatment is the act of forcing the two eyes to cooperate with each other by increasing the level of adaptation of the brain and allowing the weak eye to see again. Accordingly, the game enables both eyes to work together, providing the patient with better visual comfort and life quality. In addition, the virtual environment is attractive and has the ability to overcome specific challenges with real-time feedback, coinciding with ideal approaches for use in ocular rehabilitation. The entire game was developed with free software and the 3D environment, which is made from low-cost virtual reality glasses, as well as Google Cardboard which uses a smartphone for the display of the game. The method presented was tested in 41 male and female patients, aged 8 to 39 years, and resulted in the success of 40 patients. The method proved to be feasible and accessible as a tool for the treatment of amblyopia and strabismus. The project was registered in the Brazil platform and approved by the ethics committee of the State University of Piaui\u2014UESPI, with the CAAE identification code: 37802114.8.0000.5209.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info9070175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1532052611000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Virtual Interactive Environment for Low-Cost Treatment of Mechanical Strabismus and Amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3960-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arat\u00e3 Andrade","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o-FAPEMA, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds-MA 65075-340, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Pereira","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piaui-IFPI Teresina Central Campus, Teresina-PI 64000-040, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6584-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Tolstenko","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Information Technology, University Center of United Metropolitan Schools\u2014FMU, Av. Liberdade 683, S\u00e3o Paulo-SP 01503-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. M.","family":"Fonseca Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-INESC Technology and Science, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Knowledge Engineering and Decision-Support Research Center (GECAD) of the Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering of Coimbra, Coimbra, Polytechnic Institute, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3031-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5798-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-INESC Technology and Science, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Von Noorden, G.K., and Campos, E.C. 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