{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1776398023819,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Energias de Portugal (EDP) Fund","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Energias de Portugal (EDP) Fund","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Energias de Portugal (EDP) Fund","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"]}]},{"name":"Energias de Portugal (EDP) Fund","award":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"]}]},{"name":"Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020\u20132024"]}]},{"name":"Azores DRCT Pluriannual Funding","award":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.A\/FUNC.UI&D\/010\/2021-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mountain ecosystems are important biodiversity hotspots and valuable natural laboratories to study community assembly processes. Here, we analyze the diversity patterns of butterflies and odonates in a mountainous area of high conservation value\u2014Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal)\u2014and we assess the drivers of community change for each of the two insect groups. The butterflies and odonates were sampled along 150 m transects near the margins of three mountain streams, at three elevation levels (500, 1000, and 1500 m). We found no significant differences in odonate species richness between elevations, but marginal differences (p = 0.058) were found for butterflies due to the lower number of species at high altitudes. Both insect groups showed significant differences in beta diversity (\u03b2total) between elevations, with species richness differences being the most important component for odonates (\u03b2rich = 55.2%), while species replacement drove the changes between butterfly assemblages (\u03b2repl = 60.3%). Climatic factors, particularly those depicting harsher conditions of temperature and precipitation, were the best predictors of total beta diversity (\u03b2total) and its components (\u03b2rich, \u03b2repl) for the two study groups. The study of insect biodiversity patterns in mountain ecosystems and of the role played by different predictors contribute to further our understanding on the community assembly processes and may help to better predict environmental change impacts on mountain biodiversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14030243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T03:59:57Z","timestamp":1677556797000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Drivers of Insect Community Change along the Margins of Mountain Streams in Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Ceia-Hasse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Boieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, 9700-042 Azores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Albano","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tagis\u2014Centro de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o das Borboletas de Portugal, 7480-152 Avis, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tagis\u2014Centro de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o das Borboletas de Portugal, 7480-152 Avis, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da Serra da Estrela\/Munic\u00edpio de Seia, 6270-423 Seia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A.V.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, 9700-042 Azores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o da Serra da Estrela\/Munic\u00edpio de Seia, 6270-423 Seia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Artur R.M.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00701.x","article-title":"The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns","volume":"8","author":"Rahbek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257484","article-title":"A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets","volume":"346","author":"Tittensor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024416227887","article-title":"Climate variability and change in high elevation regions: Past, present and future","volume":"59","author":"Diaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-004-0211-x","article-title":"Terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as bioindicators for environmental monitoring, with particular reference to mountain ecosystems","volume":"35","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pereira, H.M., Domingos, T., Vicente, L., and Proen\u00e7a, V. (2009). Ecossistemas e Bem-Estar Humano: Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o para Portugal do Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Escolar Editora."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06812","article-title":"Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients","volume":"453","author":"Romdal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2307\/3545222","article-title":"The distribution of insects along elevational gradients","volume":"58","author":"McCoy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2002.250104.x","article-title":"Elevational gradients in ant species richness: Area, geometry, and Rapoport\u2019s rule","volume":"25","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2010.031","article-title":"Altitudinal distribution of moths (Lepidoptera) in Mt. Jirisan National Park, South Korea","volume":"107","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12210","article-title":"The richness and abundance of epigaeic mountain beetles in north-western Patagonia, Argentina: Assessment of patterns and environmental correlates","volume":"41","author":"Werenkraut","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00718.x","article-title":"Patterns of elevational beta diversity in micro-and macroorganisms","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12537","article-title":"Contrasting species and functional beta diversity in montane ant assemblages","volume":"42","author":"Bishop","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12598","article-title":"Beta diversity of plants, birds and butterflies is closely associated with climate and habitat structure","volume":"26","author":"Zellweger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perillo, L.N., Neves, F.S., Antonini, Y., and Martins, R.P. (2017). Compositional changes in bee and wasp communities along Neotropicalmountain altitudinal gradient. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182054"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12860","article-title":"Climate and plant structure determine the spatiotemporal butterfly distribution on a tropical mountain","volume":"53","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69569-9","article-title":"Species richness and beta diversity patterns of multiple taxa along an elevational gradient in pastured grasslands in the European Alps","volume":"10","author":"Fontana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, C.A., Braga, R.F., Figueira, J.E.C., Neves, F.D.S., and Fernandes, G.W. (2016). Dung beetles along a tropical altitudinal gradient: Environmental filtering on taxonomic and functional diversity. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157442"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12365","article-title":"Patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of termites along a tropical elevational gradient","volume":"49","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12415","article-title":"Environmental drivers of taxonomic and functional diversity of ant communities in a tropical mountain","volume":"13","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Schowalter, T.D. (2016). Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2017.09.006","article-title":"Research trends in ecosystem services provided by insects","volume":"26","author":"Noriega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallmann, C.A., Sorg, M., Jongejans, E., Siepel, H., Hofland, N., Schwan, H., H\u00f6rren, T., Goulson, D., and de Kroon, H. (2017). More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185809"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5153","article-title":"Worldwide insect declines: An important message, but interpret with caution","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1079-8","article-title":"International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery","volume":"4","author":"Harvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025151","article-title":"Insect declines in the Anthropocene","volume":"65","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mili\u010di\u0107, M., Popov, S., Branco, V.V., and Cardoso, P. (2021). Insect threats and conservation through the lens of global experts. Conserv. Lett., e12814.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.28.271494"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12387","article-title":"Vulnerability to climate change for two endemic high-elevation, low-dispersive Annitella species (Trichoptera) in Sierra Nevada, the southernmost high mountain in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Vogler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-021-04970-3","article-title":"Decline of parasitic and habitat-specialist species drives taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional homogenization of sub-alpine bumblebee communities","volume":"196","author":"Fourcade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01418.x","article-title":"An elevational shift in butterfly species richness and composition accompanying recent climate change","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-014-9669-x","article-title":"Better up, worse down: Bidirectional consequences of three decades of climate change on a relict population of Erebia cassioides","volume":"18","author":"Scalercio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zografou, K., Kati, V., Grill, A., Wilson, R.J., Tzirkalli, E., Pamperis, L.N., and Halley, J.M. (2014). Signals of climate change in butterfly communities in a Mediterranean protected area. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087245"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1086\/682686","article-title":"Predicted range shifts of dragonflies over a wide elevation gradient in the southern hemisphere","volume":"34","author":"Simaika","year":"2015","journal-title":"Freshw. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12438","article-title":"Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change","volume":"42","author":"Talavera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba-Aguilar, A. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199230693.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-013-9565-9","article-title":"Terrestrial invertebrates as bioindicators: An overview of available taxonomic groups","volume":"17","author":"Gerlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-007-9265-4","article-title":"Relationship of butterfly diversity with nectar plant species richness in and around the Aokigahara primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan","volume":"17","author":"Kitahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodiv. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1585","article-title":"Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups","volume":"360","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott, J. (2010). Monitoring Climatic Change with Dragonflies, Pensoft. Biorisk 5.","DOI":"10.3897\/biorisk.5.857"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12820","article-title":"Urbanization versus other land use: Diverging effects on dragonfly communities in Germany","volume":"25","author":"Goertzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105553","article-title":"Can dragonfly and damselfly communities be used as bioindicators of land use intensification?","volume":"107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2004.12219.x","article-title":"Diversity and community composition of butterflies and odonates in an ENSO-induced fire affected habitat mosaic: A case study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"105","author":"Cleary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba-Aguilar, A. (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199230693.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892915000260","article-title":"Assessing impacts of land abandonment on Mediterranean biodiversity using indicators based on bird and butterfly monitoring data","volume":"43","author":"Herrando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environm. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, December 02). ICNF 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.icnf.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Maravalhas, E. (2003). As Borboletas de Portugal, Vento Norte."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Maravalhas, E., and Soares, A. (2013). The dragonflies of Portugal, Booky Publisher."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"92","article-title":"Biodiversidade, endemismos e esp\u00e9cies protegidas associadas \u00e0s lagoas e cursos de \u00e1gua da Serra da Estrela: Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de um s\u00e9culo de aproveitamento hidroel\u00e9ctrico","volume":"7","author":"Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecologi@"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Habitats Directive (1992). Council of the European Communities\u2014Council Directive 92\u204443\u2044EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 35, 7\u201350."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Pollard, E., and Yates, T.J. (1993). Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352","article-title":"Diversity and evenness: A unifying notation and its consequences","volume":"54","author":"Hill","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0133.1","article-title":"Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies","volume":"84","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00694.x","article-title":"Determining the relative roles of species replacement and species richness differences in generating beta-diversity patterns","volume":"21","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12239","article-title":"Partitioning taxon, phylogenetic and functional beta diversity into replacement and richness difference components","volume":"41","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2307\/1940179","article-title":"Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation","volume":"73","author":"Borcard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"Worldclim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borcard, D., Gillet, F., and Legendre, P. (2018). Numerical Ecology with R, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71404-2"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0986.1","article-title":"Forward selection of explanatory variables","volume":"89","author":"Blanchet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[2614:VPOSDM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Variation partitioning of species data matrices: Estimation and comparison of fractions","volume":"87","author":"Legendre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0549","article-title":"Analyzing beta diversity: Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data","volume":"75","author":"Legendre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Cardoso, P., Rigal, F., and Carvalho, J.C. (2022, October 03). BAT: Biodiversity Assessment Tools. 2018, R Package Version 1.6.0. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BAT."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Dinno, A. (2022, October 03). dunn.test: Dunn\u2019s Test of Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums. R Package Version 1.3.5. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dunn.test."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., and Solymos, P. (2022, October 03). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-2. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Dray, S., Bauman, D., Blanchet, G., Borcard, D., Clappe, S., Guenard, G., Jombart, T., Larocque, G., Legendre, P., and Madi, N. (2022, October 03). Adespatial: Multivariate Multiscale Spatial Analysis. 2021. R Package Version 0.3-14. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=adespatial."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022, October 03). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boieiro, M., Antunes, S., Figueiredo, H., Soares, A., Lopes, A., Monteiro, E., Garcia-Pereira, P., Rego, C., Conde, J., and Borges, P.A.V. (Biodivers. Data J., 2023). Standardised inventories of lepidopterans and odonates from Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal)\u2014Setting the scene for mountain biodiversity monitoring, Biodivers. Data J., submitted.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.11.e99558"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"McCain, C.M., and Grytnes, J.A. (2010). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0310.1","article-title":"Contrasting elevational diversity patterns between eukaryotic soil microbes and plants","volume":"95","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-018-3600-5","article-title":"Canopy cover affects habitat selection by adult dragonflies","volume":"818","author":"French","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12327","article-title":"Drivers of regional and local diversity of Amazonian stream Odonata","volume":"12","author":"Calatayud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54628-7","article-title":"Landscape-scale terrestrial factors are also vital in shaping Odonata assemblages of watercourses","volume":"9","author":"Nagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/4805","article-title":"Effects of altitude on the abundance and species richness of insect herbivores on bracken","volume":"56","author":"Lawton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Animal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-013-9598-0","article-title":"Climatic and geometric constraints as driving factors of butterfly species richness along a Neotropical elevational gradient","volume":"17","author":"Regan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12292","article-title":"Taxonomic and functional diversity of butterflies along an altitudinal gradient in two NATURA 2000 sites in Greece","volume":"11","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006767","article-title":"Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: Species and community responses to altitude","volume":"80","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00316.x","article-title":"Temperature, but not productivity or geometry, predicts elevational diversity gradients in ants across spatial grains","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.32800\/amz.2019.17.0123","article-title":"Coleoptera of Genting Highland, Malaysia: Species richness and diversity changes along the elevations","volume":"17","author":"Musthafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arxius de Miscellania Zoologica"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Jansen, J. (2002). Guia Geobot\u00e2nico da Serra da Estrela, Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Garcia-Barros, E., Munguira, M.L., Stefanescu, C., and Moreno, A.V. (2013). Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea, Fauna Iberica."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1086\/285447","article-title":"The elevational gradient in altitudinal range: An extension of Rapoport\u2019s latitudinal rule to altitude","volume":"140","author":"Stevens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01767-X","article-title":"The mid-domain effect: Geometric constraints on the geography of species richness","volume":"15","author":"Colwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontanilla, A.M., Nakamura, A., Xu, Z., Cao, M., Kitching, R.L., Tang, Y., and Burwell, C.J. (2019). Taxonomic and functional ant diversity along tropical, subtropical, and subalpine elevational transects in Southwest China. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10050128"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12852","article-title":"Relating beta diversity of birds and butterflies in the Great Basin to spatial resolution, environmental variables and trait-based groups","volume":"28","author":"Yen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23511","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23511","article-title":"Disentangling effects of abiotic factors and biotic interactions on cross-taxon congruence in species turnover patterns of plants, moths and beetles","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15068","article-title":"Inclusion of trophic interactions increases the vulnerability of an alpine butterfly species to climate change","volume":"26","author":"Filazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4913","article-title":"Different roles of elevational and local environmental factors on abundance-based beta diversity of the soil Enchytraeidae on the Changbai Mountain","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, E., Mielke, O.H.H., Casagrande, M.M., and Fiedler, K. (2014). Community structure of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) along elevational gradients in Brazilian Atlantic Forest reflects vegetation type rather than altitude. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108207"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2019.103489","article-title":"Disentangling elevational and vegetational effects on ant diversity patterns","volume":"102","author":"Lasmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02266.x","article-title":"Disproportional risk for habitat loss of high-altitude endemic species under climate change","volume":"17","author":"Essel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00824.x","article-title":"Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change","volume":"8","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3897\/natureconservation.34.30728","article-title":"Butterfly distribution along altitudinal gradients: Temporal changes over a short time period","volume":"34","author":"Cerrato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12309","article-title":"Diachronic variations in the distribution of butterflies and dragonflies linked to recent habitat changes in Western Europe","volume":"12","author":"Delpon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38200-3","article-title":"Beta diversity patterns reveal positive effects of farmland abandonment on moth communities","volume":"9","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12340","article-title":"Ecological specialization matters: Long-term trends in butterfly species richness and assemblage composition depend on multiple functional traits","volume":"21","author":"Eskildsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Divers. Distribut."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/14\/3\/243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:57Z","timestamp":1760121837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/14\/3\/243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["insects14030243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects14030243","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}