{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:18:10Z","timestamp":1763749090172,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/117431\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/117431\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT Ph.D. fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/117431\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","SFRH\/BD\/117431\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are important emerging diseases that affect humans and animals. Zoological parks can work as early warning systems for the occurrence of MBDs. In this study, we characterized the mosquito fauna captured inside Lisbon Zoo from May 2018 to November 2019. An average of 2.4 mosquitos per trap\/night were captured. Five mosquito species potentially causing MBDs, including Culex pipiens biotypes, were found in the zoo. The sympatric occurrence of Culex pipiens biotypes represents a risk factor for the epizootic transmission of West Nile virus and Usutu virus. The mosquito occurrence followed the expected seasonality, with the maximum densities during summer months. However, mosquito activity was detected in winter months in low numbers. The minimum temperature and the relative humidity (RH) on the day of capture showed a positive effect on Culex pipiens abundance. Contrary, the RH the week before capture and the average precipitation the week of capture had a negative effect. No invasive species were identified, nor have flaviviruses been detected in the mosquitoes. The implementation of biosecurity measures regarding the hygiene of the premises and the strict control of all the animals entering the zoo can justify the low prevalence of mosquitoes and the absence of flavivirus-infected mosquitoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1704775131000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Fauna of a Zoological Park in an Urban Setting: Analysis of Culex pipiens\u00a0s.l. and Their Biotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Madeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon Zoo, 1549-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Costa","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEVDI\u2014INSA\u2014Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 2965-575 \u00c1guas de Moura, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Boinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00437","article-title":"Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe","volume":"6","author":"Savic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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