{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:51Z","timestamp":1760146071390,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science of China","award":["32272539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272539"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lygus pratensis (Linnaeus) is an important agricultural pest with a strong ability to move and spread between hosts. However, L. pratensis\u2019 flight potential and factors affecting its flight ability are unclear. We used the insect flight information system (flight mill) to determine the effects of temperature, humidity, age, sex, and mating on L. pratensis\u2019 flight ability in an artificial climate chamber. Temperature and relative humidity significantly affected L. pratensis\u2019 flight ability; however, low and high temperature, as well as low humidity, were unsuitable, and the optimal flight environment was 20\u201328 \u00b0C and 60\u201375% RH. Lygus pratensis\u2019 flying ability initially increased and then decreased with age and was highest at 10 days old (flight rate: 71.43%; total flight distance: 18.63 \u00b1 1.89 km; total flight time: 6.84 \u00b1 0.60 h). At 15 days old, flight speed was the highest (3.36 \u00b1 0.18 km h\u22121). Sex had little effect on L. pratensis\u2019 flying ability; it was marginally stronger for females than males, but the difference was insignificant. Mating increased female flying ability but decreased that of males, but the difference was insignificant. Overall, L. pratensis had strong flight dispersal ability, was largely unaffected by sex and mating, and optimal flight conditions were mild temperature and humidity. This knowledge provides a scientific basis for L. pratensis outbreak prediction, prevention, and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15100762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T12:06:32Z","timestamp":1727697992000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Studies on Lygus pratensis\u2019 (Hemiptera: Miridae) Flight Ability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tailong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongzu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture, Alar 843300, China"},{"name":"The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2014.12.011","article-title":"Effects of temperature and humidity on immature development of Lygus pratensis (L.) (Hemiptera: Miridae)","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Lygus pratensis to Plant Volatiles and Regulation of Brassica campestris Trapping Belt on L. pratensis in Cotton Fields","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cotton Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Control Indices for Lygus pratensis (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Cotton Plantations in Kashgar, Xinjiang","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60149-X","article-title":"Effects of transgenic bt+ cpti cotton on field abundance of non-target pests and predators in Xinjiang, China","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Research Advance on the Succession of Insect Pest Complex in Bt Crop Ecosystem","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"27","article-title":"Study on the Host Plants and Diet Selection of Lygus pratensis","volume":"44","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Cotton"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhao, J.P. (2021). Study on the Biological Characteristics and Population Dynamics after Diapause in Lygus pratensis (L.). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Tarim University]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"707","article-title":"Seasonal Succession Patterns of Host Species and their Host Feeding in the Cotton Region of Lygus pratensis","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Xinjiang Acad. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.33338\/ef.84160","article-title":"Biology of the Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)","volume":"13","author":"Varis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Entomol. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Johnson, C.G. (1969). Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight, Methuen Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Glick, P.A. (1939). The Distribution of Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Air."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2006.00384.x","article-title":"A GIS-based approach for areawide pest management: The scales of Lygus hesperus movements to cotton from alfalfa, weeds, and cotton","volume":"118","author":"Ellsworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/23.1.80","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on flight by the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)","volume":"23","author":"Stewart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-33.5.1389","article-title":"Tethered and untethered flight by Lygus hesperus and Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae)","volume":"33","author":"Blackmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lu, Y.H. (2008). Studies on Ecological Adaptability of the Mirids. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8298.2004.00080.x","article-title":"Does the Age of the Host Plant Modulate Migratory Activity of Plutella xylostella","volume":"7","author":"Campos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entomol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"225","article-title":"The intrinsic range and speed of flight of insects","volume":"104","author":"Hocking","year":"1953","journal-title":"Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"27","article-title":"Flight Visualizating Technique of Tethered Insect with it\u2019s Application in Related Studies","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Henan Inst. Sci. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"995","article-title":"Research Advances on Flight Capacity of Insect","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1603\/EC12272","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of the flight ability of female Autographa nigrisigna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), measured by actograph and flight mill","volume":"106","author":"Hashiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Flight potential of Lygus lucorum (Meyer-D\u00fcr)(Heteroptera: Miridae)","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12205","article-title":"Sirex noctilio flight behavior: Toward improving current monitoring techniques","volume":"152","author":"Villacide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"239","article-title":"Research Advances on Migratory Insects","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(95)00126-3","article-title":"Evaporative Cooling in Insects","volume":"42","author":"Prange","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"134","article-title":"The Effect of Relative Humidity on Flight Activity of Adult Oriental Armyworm","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Phytophylacica Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"43","article-title":"A preliminary report on the study of individual developmental processes in Lygus pratensis","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shaanxi J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of short-term high temperature exposure on the survival and fecundity of Lygus pratensis","volume":"50","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Cotton"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"59","article-title":"Effect of Different Temperatures on the Development and Reproduction of Lygus pratensis","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effects of farmland lands cape pattern on adult population dynamics of Lygus pratensis in Aral Reclamation Area of Xinjiang","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cotton Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Flight capacity of adults of the ber fruit fly, Carpomya vesuviana (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"57","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63166-5","article-title":"Laboratory-based flight performance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"20","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"612","article-title":"Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Flight Capacity of Agrypon flexorius Thunberg","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3958\/059.041.0309","article-title":"Flight Capacity of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky1 in Relation to Gender and Temperature","volume":"41","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Southwest. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iez126","article-title":"Flight performance of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under different biotic and abiotic conditions","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(19)62624-9","article-title":"Flight behavior of the sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata, in relation to temperature, age, and sex","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"888","article-title":"Preliminary study on the flight capacity of Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21067","article-title":"Methoprene influences reproduction and flight capacity in adults of the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis (Guen\u1ec2e) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"82","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1975","article-title":"Effect of host plants on development, reproduction, and digestive enzyme activity of Lygus pratensis","volume":"35","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pratacultural Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sun, C.W. (2019). Flying Ability and its Influencing Factors of Dastarcus helophoroides Adults. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toab216","article-title":"Flight potential of western tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)","volume":"115","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-024-09846-x","article-title":"Differential Flight Capacity of Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) by Sex and Age","volume":"36","author":"Chandler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12675","article-title":"Interrelation of mating, flight, and fecundity in navel orangeworm females","volume":"166","author":"Rovnyak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1223","article-title":"A study on the flight ability of Euzophera pyriella Yang","volume":"42","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1573","article-title":"The effect of feeding and mating on the development of flight muscle in Agrotis ypsilon","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1603\/EN14139","article-title":"Factors affecting the flight capacity of Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a classical biological control agent of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)","volume":"43","author":"Fahrner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvx055","article-title":"Flight capacity of the walnut twig beetle (Coleoptera: Dcolytidae) on a laboratory flight mill","volume":"46","author":"Kees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.13222","article-title":"Comparing Drosophila suzukii flight behavior using free-flight and tethered flight assays","volume":"170","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-010-9202-3","article-title":"Flight performance of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on a flight mill and in free flight","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12521","article-title":"The tethered flight technique as a tool for studying life- history strat- egies associated with migration in insects","volume":"43","author":"Minter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/say041","article-title":"Assessing insect flight behavior in the laboratory: A primer on flight mill methodology and what can be learned","volume":"112","author":"Naranjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/10\/762\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:08:07Z","timestamp":1760112487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/15\/10\/762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["insects15100762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects15100762","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}