{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:33Z","timestamp":1760146953239,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of the Azores","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]},{"name":"Wallonia Brussels International (WBI) World Excellence Fellowships","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/1013\/2014","DL57\/2016\/CP1375\/CT0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The native biodiversity of oceanic islands is threatened by human-driven disturbance and by the growing number of species introductions which often interfere with natural ecological processes. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of anthropogenic disturbance on plant\u2013pollinator interactions in the native forest communities of an oceanic island (Terceira, Azores, Portugal). We found that native species predominated in preserved sites compared to disturbed ones and that the extant plant\u2013pollinator interactions were mostly dominated by generalist species. Dipterans, particularly hoverflies, emerged as the primary flower visitors, while introduced hymenopterans (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) and native beetles were locally important, respectively, in disturbed and preserved sites. Human-driven disturbance seems to be responsible for the observed differences in flower abundance and species composition between sites and to drive changes in specific network metrics (namely nestedness, interaction strength asymmetry, and specialization), particularly in one of the study areas. Our findings also suggest that native generalist species provide ecological opportunities that can facilitate the establishment of introduced species through their broad interaction networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T09:13:32Z","timestamp":1735290812000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Disturbance on Plant\u2013Pollinator Interactions in the Native Forests of an Oceanic Island (Terceira, Azores)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Boieiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBRe\u2013Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5844-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ceia-Hasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Vair\u00e3o Campus, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vair\u00e3o Campus, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabor","family":"Pozsgai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo A. V.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8005-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBRe\u2013Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal"},{"name":"CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittaker, R.J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios, J.M. (2007). Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198566113.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892907003815","article-title":"Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of invasive alien species in island ecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Reaser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Serrano, A.R.M., Borges, P.A.V., Boieiro, M., and Orom\u00ed, P. (2010). The Islands of Macaronesia. Terrestrial Arthropods of Macaronesia\u2014Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2010.06203.x","article-title":"Extinction debt on oceanic islands","volume":"33","author":"Triantis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01482.x","article-title":"Diversity, invasive species and extinctions in insular ecosystems","volume":"45","author":"Donlan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892917000297","article-title":"Invasive alien species on islands: Impacts, distribution, interactions and management","volume":"44","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1017\/S037689291700039X","article-title":"Island extinctions: Processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration","volume":"44","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2024, November 23). Observat\u00f3rio do Turismo dos A\u00e7ores. Available online: https:\/\/otacores.com\/estatistica\/passageiros-desembarcados\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-011-9370-x","article-title":"The hitchhiker\u2019s guide to alien ant invasions","volume":"56","author":"Rabitsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804179115","article-title":"Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide","volume":"115","author":"Moser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"57","article-title":"New records of exotic spiders and insects to the Azores, and new data on recently introduced species","volume":"30","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12431","article-title":"Increase of insular exotic arthropod diversity is a fundamental dimension of the current biodiversity crisis","volume":"13","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, P.A.V., Lamelas-Lopez, L., St\u00fcben, P., Ros-Prieto, A., Gabriel, R., Boieiro, M., Tsafack, N., and Ferreira, M.T. (2022). SLAM Project\u2014Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the Natural Forest of Azores: II\u2014A survey of exotic arthropods in disturbed forest habitats. Biodivers. Data J., 10.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.10.e81410"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3391\/bir.2023.12.2.16","article-title":"Two alien insect species are new records at the family-level to the Azores archipelago (Portugal)","volume":"12","author":"Boieiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioInvasions Rec."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boieiro, M., Varga-Szilay, Z., Costa, R., Crespo, L., Leite, A., Oliveira, R., Pozsgai, G., Rego, C., Calado, H., and Teixeira, M. (2024). New findings of terrestrial arthropods from the Azorean Islands. Biodivers. Data J., 12.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.12.e136391"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozsgai, G., Cardoso, P., Rigal, F., Boieiro, M., Gabriel, R., de Azevedo, E.B., and Borges, P.A.V. (2023). Arthropod co-occurrence networks indicate environmental differences between islands and signal introduced species in Azorean native forest remnants. Front. Ecol. Evol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1139285"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-4642.2002.00148.x","article-title":"Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: Importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists","volume":"8","author":"Olesen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2009.10.002","article-title":"Conservation and restoration of plant\u2013animal mutualisms on oceanic islands","volume":"12","author":"Traveset","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12216","article-title":"Impact of land-use change on flower-visiting insect communities on an oceanic island","volume":"10","author":"Rigal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Borges, P.A.V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Vitor, G., Martins, A.F., Ireneia, M., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., and Rodrigues, P. (2010). A List of the Terrestrial and Marine Biota from the Azores, Princ\u00edpia Editora, Lda."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1127\/phyto\/2016\/0132","article-title":"Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: Characterization and potential distribution","volume":"46","author":"Elias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"23","article-title":"The importance of generalist pollinator complexes for endangered island endemic plants","volume":"35","author":"Weissmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-020-09799-w","article-title":"Extreme host range in an insular bee supports the super-generalist hypothesis with implications for both weed invasion and crop pollination","volume":"15","author":"Draper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthropod Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2984\/71.1.1","article-title":"Range expansion of the Small Carpenter Bee Ceratina smaragdula across the Hawaiian archipelago with potential ecological implications for native pollinator systems","volume":"71","author":"Shell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valido, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, M.C., and Jordano, P. (2019). Honeybees disrupt the structure and functionality of plant-pollinator networks. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41271-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.01.006","article-title":"Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms","volume":"21","author":"Traveset","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140773","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0773","article-title":"Consequences of plant invasions on compartmentalization and species\u2019 roles in plant-pollinator networks","volume":"281","author":"Albrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132355","article-title":"Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Goulson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, L. (2016). Positive and negative impacts of non-Native bee species around the World. Insects, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects7040069"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/aen.12346","article-title":"Not all exotic pollinator introductions are bad: An introduced buzz-pollinating bee Amegilla pulchra (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Fiji indicates little potential for enhancing the spread of weeds","volume":"58","author":"Groutsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Austral Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"The biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods in Azores","volume":"5","author":"Rego","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ibero Divers. Entomol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios, J.M., Ar\u00e9valo, J.R., Balguer\u00edas, E., Barone, R., De Nascimento, L., Elias, R.B., Delgado, J.D., Fern\u00e1ndez-Lugo, S., M\u00e9ndez, J., and Menezes de Sequeira, M. (2017). La Laurisilva. Canarias, Madeira y Azores, Macaronesia Editorial."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florencio, M., Pati\u00f1o, J., Nogu\u00e9, S., Traveset, A., Borges, P.A.V., Schaefer, H., Amorim, I.R., Arnedo, M., \u00c1vila, S.P., and Cardoso, P. (2021). Macaronesia as a fruitful arena for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology. Front. Ecol. Evol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.718169"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of arthropods in native forests of the Azores archipelago","volume":"25","author":"Gaspar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOC.0000021326.50170.66","article-title":"Vegetation mapping and nature conservation: A case study in Terceira Island (Azores)","volume":"13","author":"Dias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-004-4283-y","article-title":"Ranking protected areas in the Azores using standardised sampling of soil epigean arthropods","volume":"14","author":"Borges","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Silva, L., Land, E.O., and Rodr\u00edguez Luengo, J.L. (2008). Invasive Terrestrial Flora & Fauna of Macaronesia\u2014TOP 100 in Azores, Madeira and Canaries, ARENA."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, H. (2005). Flora of the Azores: A Field Guide, Margraf Verlag."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Flora-On\u2014Flora de Portugal Interactiva (2024, November 02). Sociedade Portuguesa de Bot\u00e2nica. Available online: http:\/\/acores.flora-on.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01518.x","article-title":"Pollinator networks, alien species and the conservation of rare plants: Trinia glauca as a case study","volume":"45","author":"Carvalheiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"65","article-title":"Revision of the hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Azores archipelago with notes on Macaronesian syrphid fauna","volume":"15A","author":"Rojo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago Life Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.642.10773","article-title":"Bees of the Azores: An annotated checklist (Apidae, Hymenoptera)","volume":"642","author":"Weissmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rego, C., Smit, J., Cravo, D., Penado, A., and Boieiro, M. (2022). A pictorial key for identification of the hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of the Madeira Archipelago. Biodivers. Data J., 10.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.10.e78518.figure10"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, P.A.V., Lamelas-Lopez, L., Andrade, R., Lhoumeau, S., Vieira, V., Soares, A., Borges, I., Boieiro, M., Cardoso, P., and Crespo, L.C. (2022). An updated checklist of Azorean arthropods (Arthropoda). Biodivers. Data J., 10.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.10.e97682"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp.. Version 29.0."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12074","article-title":"Why flower visitation is a poor proxy for pollination: Measuring single-visit pollen deposition, with implications for pollination networks and conservation","volume":"4","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7566","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7566","article-title":"Revealing biases in the sampling of ecological interaction networks","volume":"7","author":"Newman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2174\/1874213000902010007","article-title":"Indices, graphs and null models: Analyzing bipartite ecological networks","volume":"2","author":"Dormann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Ecol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-018-0628-3","article-title":"Complexity and stability of ecological networks: A review of the theory","volume":"60","author":"Landi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Popul. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"8","article-title":"Introducing the bipartite Package: Analyzing Ecological Networks","volume":"8","author":"Dormann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interaction"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12459","article-title":"Influences of sampling effort on detected patterns and structuring processes of a Neotropical plant\u2013hummingbird network","volume":"85","author":"Maruyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102722-021904","article-title":"A critical evaluation of network approaches for studying species interactions","volume":"55","author":"Staab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12656","article-title":"Alien plants have greater impact than habitat fragmentation on native insect flower visitation networks","volume":"24","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biella, P., Ssymank, A., Galimberti, A., Galli, P., Perl\u00edk, M., Ramazzotti, F., Rota, A., and Tommasi, N. (2022). Updating the list of flower-visiting bees, hoverflies and wasps in the central atolls of Maldives, with notes on land-use effects. Biodivers. Data J., 10.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.10.e85107"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06102","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06102","article-title":"Stable species and interactions in plant\u2013pollinator networks deviate from core position in fragmented habitats","volume":"2022","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12751","article-title":"Direct interactions between invasive plants and native pollinators: Evidence, impacts and approaches","volume":"31","author":"Stout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-018-1525-y","article-title":"Contrasting impacts of highly invasive plant species on flower-visiting insect communities","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2022.07.003","article-title":"Threats and benefits of invasive alien plant species on pollinators","volume":"64","author":"Szigeti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2003.09.010","article-title":"Impact of introduced honey bees on native pollination interactions of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) on Tenerife, Canary Islands","volume":"118","author":"Dupont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7818\/ECOS.2014.23-3.08","article-title":"Impacto de la introducci\u00f3n de la abeja dom\u00e9stica (Apis mellifera, Apidae) en el Parque Nacional del Teide (Tenerife, Islas Canarias)","volume":"23","author":"Valido","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosistemas"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12926","article-title":"Reproductive success of the Canarian Echium simplex (Boraginaceae) mediated by vertebrates and insects","volume":"21","author":"Jaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Oliveira, C., Mesquita, C., Aguiar, F., Castro, I., and Vieira, P. (2024, December 17). Plano Estrat\u00e9gico Para a Apicultura nos A\u00e7ores 2020\u20132029, Available online: https:\/\/agricultura.azores.gov.pt\/manuais\/agricultura-2\/apicultura\/."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"69","article-title":"Composici\u00f3n e identidad de los polinizadores de la zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius Schott, 1818) en Espa\u00f1a Central","volume":"9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zool. Baetica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0165-6","article-title":"Relationships between species floral traits and pollinator visitation in a temperate grassland","volume":"145","author":"Hegland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01319.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of impacts of alien vs. native plants on pollinator visitation and reproductive success of co-flowering native plants","volume":"12","author":"Morales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2003.03443.x","article-title":"Structure of a plant\u2013flower visitor network in the high-altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands","volume":"26","author":"Dupont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01732.x","article-title":"The tolerance of island plant\u2013pollinator networks to alien plants","volume":"99","author":"Valentin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20123040","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.3040","article-title":"Invaders of pollination networks in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands: Emergence of novel communities","volume":"280","author":"Traveset","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-023-03129-w","article-title":"Invasive Asteraceae plants can enhance community stability by changing pollination network structure, yet cause intense pollen disturbance to native plants in an oceanic island community","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1146-609X(02)01167-0","article-title":"Native birds and insects, and introduced honeybees visiting Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) in the Canary Islands","volume":"23","author":"Valido","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, F., Costa, R., and Boieiro, M. (2021). Foraging behavior and pollen transport by flower visitors of the Madeira Island endemic Echium candicans. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12060488"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467417000098","article-title":"Pollen larceny of the tropical weed Solanum torvum by a Fijian endemic halictine bee with implications for the spread of plants with specialized pollinator requirements","volume":"33","author":"Staines","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1071\/PC18037","article-title":"Low endemic bee diversity and very wide host range in lowland Fiji: Support for the pollinator super-generalist hypothesis in island biogeography","volume":"25","author":"Crichton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pac. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-019-01923-z","article-title":"A recipe for weed disaster in islands: A super-generalist native pollinator aided by a \u2018Parlourmaid\u2019 plant welcome new arrivals in Fiji","volume":"21","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:01:31Z","timestamp":1760115691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}}}