{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T22:39:26Z","timestamp":1764542366459,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020","IN607B 2024\/10","PD\/BD\/143093\/2018","2022.08112.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquafeed production is a fast-growing industry, seeking novel, cost-efficient raw materials to diversify traditional ingredients like fish meal and oil. Insects, particularly BSF larvae, convert by-products and waste into value-added biomass. In this study, by-products and co-products from two major fish-transforming industries in the Iberian Peninsula, i.e., tuna heads (THs) and codfish frames (CFs), hydrolysates of THs and CFs, and TH oils, were supplied to BSF larvae to improve their profile in n-3 fatty acids (FAs), namely EPA and DHA, and their protein\/amino acid content. By testing the replacement levels of a control diet with by-products and co-products, we evaluated the amount of n-3 FA that could be added to BSF larval tissues. The results showed that high levels of a hydrolysed diet negatively impacted larval survival. In addition, parameters such as the moisture, protein content, and viscosity of the substrate affected bioconversion rates. Nevertheless, BSF fed with these diets contained high levels of lysine (5.8\u20138.4%, dry weight (DW)), methionine (1.5\u20132.4%, DW), and n-3 FA (14.4% DW: EPA 6.7% and DHA 7.1%). These findings suggest that BSF can effectively convert fish by-products into a nutrient-rich biomass for aquafeeds, supporting the diversification of raw material sources and promoting a circular bioeconomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T09:01:13Z","timestamp":1737622873000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Growth Rate Prediction, Performance, and Biochemical Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Fed with Marine By-Products and Co-Products: A Potential Value-Added Resource for Marine Aquafeeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniela P.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. do Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), C\/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5422-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga M. C. C.","family":"Ameixa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECOMARE, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt, K.W., Al-Ahmad, A., and Woelber, J.P. (2022). Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution\u2013Past to Present. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173594"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-021-01246-9","article-title":"The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply","volume":"14","author":"Boyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FAO (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024\u2014Blue Transformation in Action, FAO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03308-6","article-title":"A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture","volume":"591","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2024.2315049","article-title":"A SWOT Analysis of the Use of Marine, Grain, Terrestrial-Animal and Novel Protein Ingredients in Aquaculture Feeds","volume":"32","author":"Glencross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2023.100240","article-title":"Valorisation of industrial food waste into sustainable aquaculture feeds","volume":"7","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2019.0004","article-title":"Standardisation of quantitative resource conversion studies with black soldier fly larvae","volume":"6","author":"Bosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-0078-x","article-title":"Global adoption of novel aquaculture feeds could substantially reduce forage fish demand by 2030","volume":"1","author":"Cottrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2024.2337426","article-title":"The Evolution of Sustainability Metrics for the Marine Ingredient Sector: Moving Towards Holistic Assessments of Aquaculture Feed","volume":"32","author":"Glencross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5532","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05468","article-title":"Nutritional attributes, substitutability, scalability, and environmental intensity of an illustrative subset of current and future protein sources for aquaculture feeds: Joint consideration of potential synergies and trade-offs","volume":"52","author":"Pelletier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mak, M.W., Xiong, X., Tsang, D.C.W., Yu, I.K.M., and Sun, C. (2020). Sustainable food waste management towards circular bioeconomy: Policy review, limitations and opportunities. Bioresour. Technol., 297.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122497"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739096","article-title":"Life Cycle Inventories of marine ingredients","volume":"565","author":"Newton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.07.012","article-title":"The seafood market in Portugal: Driving forces and consequences","volume":"61","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"CBI Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2023, August 02). The European Market Potential for Canned Fish [WWW Document]. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbi.eu\/market-information\/fish-seafood\/canned-fish\/market-potential."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"Fish Consumption in the Age of the Information Society\u2014The Evolution of the Fish Sector in Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Madsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"107","article-title":"Fish processing wastes as a potential source of proteins, amino acids and oils: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Ghaly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biochem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, I., Glencross, B., and Santigosa, E. (2023). The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health. Front. Anim. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1147081"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glencross, B.D., Bachis, E., Betancor, M.B., Calder, P., Liland, N., Newton, R., and Ruyter, B. (2024). Omega-3 Futures in Aquaculture: Exploring the Supply and Demands for Long-Chain Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids by Aquaculture Species. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac., 1\u201350.","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2024.2388563"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, J.P., Domingues, M.R., and Calado, R. (2024). Marine Animal Co-Products\u2014How Improving Their Use as Rich Sources of Health-Promoting Lipids Can Foster Sustainability. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22020073"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Commission (2015). Closing the Loop\u2014An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy, European Commission. COM(2015) 614 Final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath, P., Ojha, A., Debnath, S., Sharma, M., Nayak, P.K., and Inbaraj, B. (2023). Valorization of Food Waste as Animal Feed: A Step towards Sustainable Food Waste Management and Circular Bioeconomy Animal Feed: A Step towards Sustainable Food Waste Management and Circular. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081366"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., \u00d6zuyar, P.G., and Wall, T. (2020). Insects, Food Security and Sustainable Aquaculture. Zero Hunger, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69626-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-023-01438-9","article-title":"Prospects for insects as human food","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc9165","article-title":"Insects as feed for livestock production","volume":"379","author":"Gasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.10.015","article-title":"Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomydae) larvae and prepupae: Biomass production, fatty acid profile and expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism","volume":"307","author":"Giannetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoc, B., Genva, M., Fauconnier, M.-L., Lognay, G., Francis, F., and Caparros Megido, R. (2020). About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): On the origin of fatty acids in prepupae. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68784-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D.P., Ameixa, O.M.C.C., V\u00e1zquez, J.A., and Calado, R. (2022). Improving the Lipid Profile of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae for Marine Aquafeeds: Current State of Knowledge. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116472"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-024-04673-8","article-title":"Future opportunities for products derived from black soldier fly (BSF) treatment as animal feed and fertilizer\u2014A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133802","article-title":"Opportunities, challenges and solutions for black soldier fly larvae-based animal feed production","volume":"373","author":"Stringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122288","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of residual omega-3 fatty acids from industrial Schizochytrium microalgal waste using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae","volume":"268","author":"Ramzy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liland, N.S., Biancarosa, I., Araujo, P., Biemans, D., Bruckner, C.G., Waagb\u00f8, R., Torstensen, B.E., and Lock, E.-J.J. (2017). Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183188"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2007.00101.x","article-title":"Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"38","author":"Cranfill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.10.014","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)\u2014Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet","volume":"102","author":"Ewald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.100","article-title":"Fish protein hydrolysates: Proximate composition, amino acid composition, antioxidant activities and applications: A review","volume":"135","author":"Chalamaiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plazzotta, S., and Manzocco, L. (2019). Food waste valorization. Saving Food: Production, Supply Chain, Food Waste and Food Consumption, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815357-4.00010-9"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119027","article-title":"Valorisation of fish discards assisted by enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial bioconversion: Lab and pilot plant studies and preliminary sustainability evaluation","volume":"246","author":"Fraguas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111840","article-title":"Valorisation of Atlantic codfish (Gadus morhua) frames from the cure-salting industry as fish protein hydrolysates with in vitro bioactive properties","volume":"149","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131909","article-title":"Biorefinery for tuna head wastes: Production of protein hydrolysates, high-quality oils, minerals and bacterial peptones","volume":"357","author":"Pedreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2014.0023","article-title":"Nutrient utilisation by black soldier flies fed with chicken, pig, or cow manure","volume":"1","author":"Oonincx","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2016.0048","article-title":"Bioconversion of sorghum and cowpea by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) larvae for alternative protein production","volume":"3","author":"Tinder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.08.027","article-title":"Evaluation of non-linear equations to model different animal growths with mono and bisigmoid profiles","volume":"314","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.12.009","article-title":"Growth and metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae grown on low and high-quality substrates","volume":"121","author":"Laganaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2008). Food Products\u2014Determination of the Total Nitrogen Content by Combustion According to the Dumas Principle and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content\u2014Part 1: Oilseeds and Animal Feeding (Standard No. ISO 16634\u20131:2008)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.10031","article-title":"Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores","volume":"21","author":"Finke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Alimentarius, C. (1991). Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60139a005","article-title":"Chromatography of amino acids on sulfonated polystyrene resins. An improved system","volume":"30","author":"Moore","year":"1958","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1139\/y59-099","article-title":"A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification","volume":"37","author":"Bligh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.07.090","article-title":"Evaluation of a methylation procedure to determine cyclopropenoids fatty acids from Sterculia striata St. Hil. Et Nauds seed oil","volume":"1054","author":"Lago","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2022.0096","article-title":"Relationship between substrate composition and larval weight: A simple growth model for black soldier fly larvae","volume":"9","author":"Franke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-023-00970-3","article-title":"Potential of the various oils for insect pests\u2019 management and their effect on beneficial insects","volume":"43","author":"Seni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.017","article-title":"Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)","volume":"208","author":"Lalander","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.270","article-title":"Conversion of organic resources by black soldier fly larvae: Legislation, efficiency and environmental impact","volume":"222","author":"Bosch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2018.06.007","article-title":"Factors affecting the bioconversion of Philippine tung seed by black soldier fly larvae for the production of protein and oil-rich biomass","volume":"21","author":"Abduh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabzadeh, G., Delisle-Houde, M., Tweddell, R.J., Deschamps, M.-H., Dorais, M., Lebeuf, Y., Derome, N., and Vandenberg, G. (2022). Diet Composition Influences Growth Performance, Bioconversion of Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Agronomic Value and In Vitro Biofungicidal Activity of Derived Frass. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081765"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, S.A., S\u00fcfer, \u00d6., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan Ko\u00e7, G., Lutuf, H., Rahayu, T., Castro-Mu\u00f1oz, R., and Fernando, I. (2024). Enhancing the bioconversion rate and end products of black soldier fly (BSF) treatment\u2014A comprehensive review. Environ. Dev. Sustain.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-04306-6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155122","article-title":"Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review","volume":"833","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.13124","article-title":"Metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae during entomoremediation of brewery waste","volume":"147","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, H., Qiao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, L., Li, Z., Cheng, B., and Ding, G. (2024). The Growth Performance and Nutrient Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Fed Slaughtered Bovine Blood. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090635"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz337","article-title":"Modeling the Growth of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): An Approach to Evaluate Diet Quality","volume":"113","author":"Sripontan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.04.028","article-title":"Impact of substrate moisture content on growth and metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae","volume":"127","author":"Bekker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320063111","article-title":"Bet-hedging during bacterial diauxic shift","volume":"111","author":"Solopova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173461","article-title":"Optimal and sustainable production of tailored fish protein hydrolysates from tuna canning wastes and discarded blue whiting: Effect of protein molecular weight on chemical and bioactive properties","volume":"939","author":"Soengas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2021.10.004","article-title":"Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: Status and trends","volume":"7","author":"Alfiko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2022.01.035","article-title":"Bioconversion and performance of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in the recovery of nutrients from expired fish feeds","volume":"141","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12391","article-title":"Dietary protein requirements of fish\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Couto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Craig, S., and Kuhn, D.D. (2017). Fish Feed. Va. Coop. Ext., 1\u20136."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.101966","article-title":"Evaluating the fillet quality and sensory characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed black soldier fly larvae meal for whole production cycle in sea cages","volume":"35","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.001301","article-title":"Protein and Amino Acid Requirements of Fishes","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12886","article-title":"Essential amino acid requirements of fish and crustaceans, a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macusi, E.D., Cayacay, M.A., Borazon, E.Q., Sales, A.C., Habib, A., Fadli, N., and Santos, M.D. (2023). Protein Fishmeal Replacement in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review and Implications on Growth and Adoption Viability. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1604.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.04.021","article-title":"Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal as a fish meal replacement in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"476","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Insect meals in fish nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Gobbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10527","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of using more sustainable ingredients in fish feed","volume":"8","author":"Zlaugotne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"National Research Council (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123570","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of bird manure vs. mammal manure on Hermetia illucens larvae","volume":"278","author":"Ramzy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"2491","article-title":"Compositional, microbiological and protein digestibility analysis of larval meal of Hermetia illucens (Diptera:Stratiomyidae) at Angelopolis-Antioquia, Colombia","volume":"57","author":"Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medell\u00edn"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oteri, M., Di Rosa, A., Lo Presti, V., Giarratana, F., Toscano, G., and Chiofalo, B. (2021). Black Soldier Fly Larvae meal as alternative to fish meal for aquaculture feed. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105447"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moutinho, S., Oliva-Teles, A., Fontinha, F., Martins, N., Monroig, \u00d3., and Peres, H. (2024). Black soldier fly larvae meal as a potential modulator of immune, inflammatory, and antioxidant status in gilthead seabream juveniles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2024.110951"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.02.022","article-title":"Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical ciets for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"473","author":"Cummins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquacul."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740093","article-title":"Hermetia illucens larvae meal as an alternative protein source in practical diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): A study on growth, plasma biochemistry and gut microbiota","volume":"578","author":"Busti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735136","article-title":"Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance, organs-somatic indices, body composition, and hemato-biochemical variables of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"522","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"National Research Council (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740219","article-title":"Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil on fillet quality and nutritional traits of gilthead seabream","volume":"579","author":"Moutinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weththasinghe, P., Lagos, L., Cort\u00e9s, M., Hansen, J.\u00d8., and \u00d8verland, M. (2021). Dietary Inclusion of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae Meal and Paste Improved Gut Health but Had Minor Effects on Skin Mucus Proteome and Immune Response in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599530"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102269","article-title":"Black soldier fly oil-based diets enriched in lauric acid enhance growth, hematological indices, and fatty acid profiles of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fry","volume":"37","author":"Goda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacul. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Zhang, J., Xu, B., Tegomo, A.F., Sagada, G., Zheng, L., Wang, L., and Shao, Q. (2022). Effect of dietary supplementation of lauric acid on growth performance, antioxidative capacity, intestinal development and gut microbiota on black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262427"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12860","article-title":"Insect-based diets high in lauric acid reduce liver lipids in freshwater Atlantic salmon","volume":"25","author":"Belghit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, L., Varriale, L., Dipineto, L., Pace, A., Menna, L.F., and Fioretti, A. (2021). Insect derived lauric acid as promising alternative atrategy to antibiotics in the antimicrobial resistance scenario. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.620798"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaklader, M.R., Howieson, J., Fotedar, R., and Siddik, M.A.B. (2021). Supplementation of Hermetia illucens Larvae in Poultry By-Product Meal-Based Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Diets Improves Adipocyte Cell Size, Skin Barrier Functions, and Immune Responses. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.613158"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2019.103237","article-title":"Production of n-3-rich insects by bioaccumulation of fishery waste","volume":"82","author":"Barroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, P., Ameixa, O.M.C.C., Palma, M., Louzado, M., Rodrigues, D., Pinho, M., and Viegas, I. (2024). Tracking lipid synthesis using 2H2O and 2H-NMR spectroscopy in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae fed with macroalgae. J. Exp. Biol., 227.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247941"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010","article-title":"Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective","volume":"449","author":"Tocher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arena, R., Manuguerra, S., Curcuraci, E., Cusimano, M., Lo Monaco, D., Di Bella, C., Santulli, A., and Messina, C.M. (2023). Fisheries and aquaculture by-products modulate growth, body composition, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Front. Anim. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1204767"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523003008","article-title":"Effect of fatty acid-enriched black soldier fly larvae meal combined with chitinase on the metabolic processes of Nile tilapia","volume":"131","author":"Agbohessou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasato, I., Renna, M., Gai, R., Dabbou, S., Meneguz, M., Perona, G., Martinez, S., Lajusticia, A.C.B., Bergagna, S., and Sardi, L. (2019). Partially defatted black soldier fly larva meal inclusion in piglet diets: Effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gut morphology and histological features. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0325-x"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.012","article-title":"Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets","volume":"235","author":"Spranghers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.043","article-title":"Dietary effect of probiotics and prebiotics on broiler performance, carcass, and immunity","volume":"99","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, V., and Yadav, U.C.S. (2018). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Its Role in Human Health. Functional Food and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1123-9"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/2\/113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:34:38Z","timestamp":1759919678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/2\/113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16020113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16020113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}}}