{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:12:13Z","timestamp":1763619133458,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)\/MCTES, Portugal","award":["PRT\/BD\/154281\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/154281\/2022"]}]},{"name":"GenoCash Project","award":["PTDC\/ASP-AGR\/0760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-AGR\/0760\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2022.00392.CEECIND\/CP1738\/CT0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.00392.CEECIND\/CP1738\/CT0002"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329"]}]},{"name":"LEAF","award":["UID\/04129\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04129\/2025"]}]},{"name":"CEF","award":["UID\/00239\/2025","UID\/PRR\/00239\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00239\/2025","UID\/PRR\/00239\/2025"]}]},{"name":"CHANGE Associated Laboratory","award":["LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]},{"name":"TERRA Associated Laboratory","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes several agricultural pests that cause major losses in global crop production and threaten food security, notably Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), an invasive pest that is difficult to manage. Mating disruption through the application of synthetic sexual pheromones has emerged as a viable alternative method for lepidopteran pest management. However, the successful application of this method requires knowledge of the pest under various environmental conditions and the evaluation of pheromone effectiveness. This systematic review aims to highlight advances and knowledge gaps in the genetic characterization and pheromone-based mating disruption of Spodoptera species, with implications for S. frugiperda management. A literature search following PRISMA guidelines identified 4523 articles, of which 107 met the inclusion criteria, 84 focused on genetic analysis, 16 focused on pheromone-based control, and only 7 integrated both approaches. The COI gene is the main genetic marker used for species identification (76%), but inconsistencies remain in the strain identification of S. frugiperda. Pheromone-based control studies reported variable efficacy, with many not evaluating their impact on pest populations or crop damage. Overall, this review highlights the need to standardize pheromone formulations and adapt management strategies tailored to local agroecological conditions. It also underscores the importance of integrating genetic identification to improve our knowledge of pests and support the sustainable management of S. frugiperda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16111176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:58:42Z","timestamp":1763459922000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Characterization and Mating Disruption in Spodoptera Species, a Case Study on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"DGASP-MAA\u2014General Direction of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Praia PC 278, Santiago Island, Cape Verde"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, Ag\u00eancia para o Clima (ApC), I. P., Rua de \u201cO S\u00e9culo\u201d 51, 1200-433 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Mexia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7000-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Borges","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Monitoring for exotic Spodoptera species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Florida","volume":"91","author":"Meagher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fl. 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