{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:19Z","timestamp":1760144479004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inventions"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of tag devices in marine environments has become indispensable in attaining a better understanding of marine life and contributing to conservation efforts. However, the successful deployment and operation of underwater tags both depend significantly on their hydrodynamic characteristics, particularly their resistance to motion and stability in various environmental conditions. Herein, a comprehensive study on the hydrodynamic characteristics and optimization of an underwater tag designed for monitoring blue sharks is presented. Firstly, a validation process is conducted by comparing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results with the experimental data from Myring\u2019s study, focusing on the resistance characteristics of the tag\u2019s body and the impact of various operational conditions. Subsequently, the validated CFD model is applied to assess the hydrodynamic performance of the tag under different flow conditions, velocities, and angles of attack. Through iterative simulations, including mesh independence studies and boundary condition adjustments, the study identifies key parameters influencing the tag\u2019s resistance and stability. Furthermore, the paper proposes and implements design modifications, including the incorporation of stabilizing fins, aimed at minimizing resistance and improving the tag\u2019s equilibrium position. The effectiveness of these design enhancements is demonstrated through a comparative analysis of resistance and pitching moments for both preliminary and optimized tag configurations. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the hydrodynamic behavior of underwater tags and offers practical recommendations for optimizing their design to minimize interference with the movement of tagged marine animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions9030048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T09:26:02Z","timestamp":1714123562000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving the Hydrodynamic Performance of Underwater Tags for Blue Shark Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CMEMS Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Bartolomeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEiiA, Av. D. Afonso Henriques, 1825, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Arieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senhorinha F.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2010.12.012","article-title":"A review of shark satellite tagging studies","volume":"398","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Witt, M.J., Doherty, P.D., Godley, B.J., Graham, R.T., Hawkes, L.A., and Henderson, S.M. (2016). Basking Shark Satellite Tagging Project: Insights into Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus) Movement, Distribution and Behaviour Using Satellite Telemetry, Final Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.04.003","article-title":"Biotelemetry: A mechanistic approach to ecology","volume":"19","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, S.J., Midwood, J.D., Thiem, J.D., Klimley, P., Lucas, M.C., Thorstad, E.B., Eiler, J., Holbrook, C., and Ebner, B.C. (2013). Tracking animals in freshwater with electronic tags: Past, present and future. Anim. Biotelem., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-3385-1-5"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pouca, C.P.V. (2012). High-Resolution Diving Behaviour of Satellite Tagged Blue Sharks under Different Oceanographic Gradients. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queiroz, N., Humphries, N.E., Noble, L.R., Santos, A.M., and Sims, D.W. (2012). Spatial dynamics and expanded vertical niche of blue sharks in oceanographic fronts reveal habitat targets for conservation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032374"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Nielsen, J.L., Arrizabalaga, H., Fragoso, N., Hobday, A., Lutcavage, M., and Sibert, J. (2009). Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Adetunji, C., Hefft, D., Jeevanandam, J., and Danquah, M.B.T.-N.G.N. (2023). Application of Nanochitosan in Tagging and Nano-Barcoding of Aquatic and Animal Meats, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Baeyaert, J., Gra\u00e7a, G., Sobral, A., Prieto, R., Afonso, P., and Fontes, J. (2024, April 10). EcoDive Azores\u2014Summer Season\u2014Short Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/318724014_EcoDive_Azores_-_Summer_Season_2016_Short_Report."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"63","article-title":"Quantification of drag and lift imposed by pop-up satellite archival tags and estimation of the metabolic cost to cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus)","volume":"103","author":"Grusha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fish. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Arai, N., and Okuyama, J. (2012). Field Informatics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domeier, M.L., and Nasby-Lucas, N. (2013). Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns. Anim. Biotelem., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-3385-1-2"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2023.106880","article-title":"Short-term effects of standard procedures associated with surgical transmitter implantation on a benthic shark species requiring anaesthesia","volume":"270","author":"Trotter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2008.12.012","article-title":"A new prospect for tagging large free-swimming sharks with motion-sensitive data-loggers","volume":"97","author":"Gleiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0293-0","article-title":"Flow simulation along a seal: The impact of an external device","volume":"56","author":"Hazekamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-6058(10)60105-9","article-title":"Numerical simulation and experimental study of drag-reducing surface of a real shark skin","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrodyn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.799-800.1188","article-title":"Drag Analysis of Contractile Water Jet Locomoted Micro AUV in Laminar Fluid","volume":"799","author":"Shaari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121797","article-title":"Research on the propulsion motor cooling by the coupled flow field of unmanned underwater vehicles","volume":"237","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114854","article-title":"Resistance reduction optimization of an amphibious transport vehicle","volume":"280","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9","article-title":"Numerical computation of viscous drag for axisymmetric underwater vehicles","volume":"26","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mek."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-6058(11)60311-9","article-title":"Numerical prediction of submarine hydrodynamic coefficients using CFD simulation","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrodyn. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S000192590000768X","article-title":"A Theoretical Study of Body Drag in Subcritical Axisymmetric Flow","volume":"27","author":"Myring","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aeronaut. Q."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bartolomeu, T.C. (2016). Hydrodynamic Optimization of a Torpedo-Shaped Hull. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.04.065","article-title":"Modeling and experiment validation of a seawater micro hydropower system for marine animal telemetry tag","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2018.12.002","article-title":"Machine Learning for Inferring Animal Behavior from Location and Movement Data","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2022.04.023","article-title":"Potentials and Technical Implications of Tag Based and AI Enabled Optical Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS) for Manufacturing Use Cases","volume":"71","author":"Thiede","year":"2022","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Szpilman, M. (2004). Tubar\u00f5es no Brasil: Guia Pr\u00e1tico de Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o, Mauad Editora Ltd.a."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Stevens, J. (2009). Prionace glauca, Blue Shark, IUCN Red List Threat. Species, 11."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"101583","article-title":"Demographic and harvest analysis for blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Indian Ocean","volume":"41","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Azevedo, J., Bartolomeu, T., Teixeira, S., and Teixeira, J.C. (2022). International Conference Innovation in Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"CFD analysis on the bare hull form of submarines for minimizing the resistance","volume":"3","author":"Moonesun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Marit. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"ITTC (2024, April 10). Recommended Procedures\u2014Fresh water and Seawater Properties. Proc. ITTC\u2014Section 7.5-02-01-03. Available online: https:\/\/www.ittc.info\/media\/7989\/75-02-01-03.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fluent (2009). ANSYS Fluent 12.0 User\u2019s Guide, Ansys Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Versteeg, H.K., and Malalasekera, W. (2007). An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics, Pearson Education Limited."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Blasius, H. (2024, April 10). Grenzschischten in Flussigkeiten mit Kleiner Reibung, 1908; Translated into NACA Technical Memorandum 1256 as the Boundary Layer in Fluids with Little Friction, Available online: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/citations\/20050028493."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Schoenherr, K.E. (1932). Resistance of Flat Surfaces Moving through a Fluid. [Ph.D. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Shultz-Grunow, F. (1941). New Frictional Resistance Law for Smooth Plates, NACA Technical Memorandum 986."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3424341","article-title":"Marine Hydrodynamics","volume":"45","author":"Newman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"White, F.M. (2016). Fluid Mechanics, Academic Press. [8th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Inventions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5134\/9\/3\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:34:04Z","timestamp":1760106844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5134\/9\/3\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["inventions9030048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/inventions9030048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5134"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2411-5134"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]}}}