{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:12:32Z","timestamp":1778011952380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047108"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04509\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0132\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145832\/2019"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2019"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DTx CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inventions"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3D concrete printing (3DCP) requires precise adjustments to parameters to ensure accurate and high-quality prints. However, despite technological advancements, manual intervention still plays a prominent role in this process, leading to errors and inconsistencies in the final printed part. To address this issue, machine learning vision models have been developed and utilized to analyze captured images and videos of the printing process, detecting defects and deviations. The data collected enable automatic adjustments to print settings, improving quality without the need for human intervention. This work first examines various techniques for real-time and offline corrections. It then introduces a specialized computer vision setup designed for real-time control in robotic 3DCP. Our main focus is on a specific aspect of machine learning (ML) within this system, called speed control, which regulates layer width by adjusting the robot motion speed or material flow rate. The proposed framework consists of three main elements: (1) a data acquisition and processing pipeline for extracting printing parameters and constructing a synthetic training dataset, (2) a real-time ML model for parameter optimization, and (3) a depth camera installed on a customized 3D-printed rotary mechanism for close-range monitoring of the printed layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions9040080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1721142351000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Real-Time Precision in 3D Concrete Printing: Controlling Layer Morphology via Machine Vision and Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BUILT CoLAB\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for the Future Built Environment, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5433-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6825-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Transformation Colab\u2014DTx, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab2PT, IN2PAST, School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab2PT, IN2PAST, School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Mould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab2PT, IN2PAST, School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\u2014IPC, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3170-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. 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