{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:25Z","timestamp":1760144545645,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Society of Vascular Surgery","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013","UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of this study was to assess whether the presence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) correlates with increased inflammatory cell infiltration. An observational, single-centre, and prospective study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2022. Clinical characteristics and anthropometric measures were registered. Consecutive PAD patients with surgical indications for a common femoral artery approach and patients with varicose veins with an indication for surgical ligation of the saphenofemoral junction were included. In both groups, samples of sartorius skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) were collected from the femoral region. We analysed the characteristics of adipocytes and the presence of haemorrhage and inflammatory cells in the samples of PVAT and SAT via haematoxylin\u2013eosin staining. We found that patients with PAD had significantly more inflammatory cells in PVAT [16 (43.24%) vs. 0 (0%) p = 0.008]. Analysing SAT histology, we observed that patients with PAD had significantly more CD45+ leucocytes upon immunohistochemical staining [32 (72.73%) vs. 3 (27.27%) p = 0.005]. Upon analysing skeletal muscle histology with haematoxylin\u2013eosin staining, we evaluated skeletal fibre preservation, as well as the presence of trauma, haemorrhage, and inflammatory cells. We registered a significantly higher number of inflammatory cells in patients with PAD [well-preserved skeletal fibres: PAD = 26 (63.41%) vs. varicose veins = 3 (37.50%) p = 0.173; trauma: PAD = 4 (9.76%) vs. varicose veins = 2 (25.00%) p = 0.229; haemorrhage: PAD = 6 (14.63%) vs. varicose veins = 0 (0%) p = 0.248; inflammatory cells: PAD = 18 (43.90%) vs. varicose veins = 0 (0%) p = 0.018]. Patients with PAD had a higher number of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (PVAT and SAT) when compared with those with varicose veins, emphasizing the role of inflammation in this group of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11040121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T11:16:01Z","timestamp":1713266161000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory Cells in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease or Chronic Venous Disease: A Prospective, Observational, and Histological Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department\u2013Fisiologia e Cirurgia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adhemar","family":"Longatto-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology (LIM-14), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6512-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Lima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, ULSAM\u2014Hospital de Santa Luzia, 4904-858 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4168-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Mansilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department\u2013Fisiologia e Cirurgia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2013PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.918417","article-title":"Inflammation in peripheral artery 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