{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:35:35Z","timestamp":1767771335295,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50026\/2020","UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. However, the influence of adipose tissue in carotid atherosclerosis is not completely understood. No systematic review\/meta-analysis was previously performed to understand if obesity is a risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. This paper aims to provide an opportunistic review of the association between obesity and carotid atherosclerosis and define the role of the different adipose tissue depots in the characteristics of carotid stenosis. The databases PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched on 15\u201327 April and 19 May 2021. A total of 1750 articles published between 1985 and 2019 were identified, 64 were preselected, and 38 papers (35,339 subjects) were included in the final review. The most frequent methods used to determine obesity were anthropometric measures. Carotid plaque was mostly characterized by ultrasound. Overall obesity and visceral fat were not associated with the presence of carotid plaque when evaluated separately. Waist-hip ratio, however, was a significant anthropometric measure associated with the prevalence of carotid plaques. As it reflected the ratio of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, the balance between these depots could impact the prevalence of carotid plaques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9050162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:34:29Z","timestamp":1652776469000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease?\u2014Opportunistic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes, 5000-508 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Alto Minho, 4904-858 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adhemar","family":"Longatto-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology (LIM-14), University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 14784-400, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Science Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Mansilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.910","article-title":"Impact of abdominal fat distribution, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat on coronary plaque scores assessed by 320-row computed tomography coronary angiography","volume":"287","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"331","article-title":"The Ratio Between Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat Assessed by Computed Tomography Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality and Cardiac 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