{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:32:47Z","timestamp":1760236367817,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Early identification of AMD can lead to prompt and more effective treatment, better outcomes, and better final visual acuity; several risk scores have been devised to determine the individual level of risk for developing AMD. Herein, the Delphi method was used to provide recommendations for daily practice regarding preventive measures and follow-up required for subjects at low, moderate, and high risk of AMD evaluated with the Simplified Test AMD Risk-assessment Scale (STARS\u00ae) questionnaire. Methods: A steering committee of three experts drafted and refined 25 statements on the approach to be recommended in different clinical situations [general recommendations (n = 2), use of evaluation tools (n = 4), general lifestyle advice (n = 3), and AREDS-based nutritional supplementation (n = 5)] with the help of a group of international experts, all co-authors of this paper. Thirty retinal specialists from Europe and the US were chosen based on relevant publications, clinical expertise, and experience in AMD, who then provided their level of agreement with the statements. Statements for which consensus was not reached were modified and voted upon again. Results: In the first round of voting, consensus was reached for 24 statements. After modification, consensus was then reached for the remaining statement. Conclusion: An interprofessional guideline to support preventive measures in patients at risk of AMD based on STARS\u00ae scoring has been developed to aid clinicians in daily practice, which will help to optimize preventive care of patients at risk of AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"5432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Consensus on Preventive Measures and Identification of Patients at Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using the Delphi Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Layana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra), 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Garh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rufino","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR-FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"AIBILI-Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Delcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}]},{"given":"Caroline C. W.","family":"Klaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo M.","family":"Minnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Oculistica, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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