{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:37:42Z","timestamp":1775626662410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/146134\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/146134\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/28806\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/28806\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/146134\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/146134\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 6 min walking test (6MWT) has been largely studied. Less is, however, known about responders and non-responders to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in other meaningful activities. We explored responders and non-responders and the predictors of response to PR in the 1 min sit-to-stand test (1 min STS) and the 6MWT and compared both measures in classifying responders. An observational study was conducted with 121 people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The functional status was assessed before and after PR. Baseline differences between responders and non-responders were tested with Mann\u2013Whitney U, chi-square, or Fisher exact tests. Predictors were explored with binary logistic regressions. Agreement between both measures was assessed with chi-square, Cohen\u2019s kappa, and McNemar tests. There were 54.5% and 57.0% of responders in the 1 min STS and the 6MWT, respectively. The proportion of responders was significantly different (p = 0.048), with a small agreement between the measures (kappa = 0.180; p = 0.048). The baseline 6MWT was the only significant predictor of response in the 6MWT (OR = 0.995; pseudo-r2 = 0.117; p &lt; 0.001). No significant predictors were found for the 1 min STS. A large number of non-responders in terms of functional status exist. The 1 min STS and the 6MWT should not be used interchangeably. Future studies should explore the added benefit of personalizing PR to this outcome and investigate other potential predictors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functional Status Following Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Responders and Non-Responders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Souto-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, E.P.E., 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, E.P.E., 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edlia","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, E.P.E., 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3822-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn A.","family":"Spruit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Ciro, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab3R-Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1634ST","article-title":"An Official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"188","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, B., Casey, D., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Murphy, E., and Lacasse, Y. (2015). Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., Cd003793.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003793.pub3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00350-2015","article-title":"Differential response to pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: Multidimensional profiling","volume":"46","author":"Spruit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199407000-00002","article-title":"Functional status and the forward progress of merry-go-rounds: Toward a coherent analytical framework","volume":"43","author":"Leidy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"805","article-title":"Triangulated perspectives on outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: A qualitative study to inform a core outcome set","volume":"33","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150414","article-title":"An official systematic review of the European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society: Measurement properties of field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601871","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01871-2016","article-title":"A multicentre validation of the 1-min sit-to-stand test in patients with COPD","volume":"49","author":"Crook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12658","article-title":"One minute sit-to-stand test is an alternative to 6MWT to measure functional exercise performance in COPD patients","volume":"12","author":"Reychler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S115439","article-title":"Is the 1-minute sit-to-stand test a good tool for the evaluation of the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation? Determination of the minimal important difference in COPD","volume":"11","author":"Vaidya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.05.007","article-title":"Comparison of the Sit-to-Stand Test with 6min walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"101","author":"Ozalevli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-200101000-00004","article-title":"Exercise Training in COPD: How to Distinguish Responders from Nonresponders","volume":"21","author":"Troosters","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e31829501b7","article-title":"Metabolic Disease and Participant Age Are Independent Predictors of Response to Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/203236","article-title":"Success in pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1092","article-title":"Power of outcome measurements to detect clinically significant changes in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COPD","volume":"121","author":"Ingenito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.086371","article-title":"Role of comorbidities in a cohort of patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"63","author":"Crisafulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Altman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsen, J.C., Gluud, C., Wetterslev, J., and Winkel, P. (2017). When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials\u2014A practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"GOLD (2021, November 16). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Available online: https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/2022-gold-reports-2."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00102509","article-title":"Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","article-title":"Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Bestall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.6.1321","article-title":"A Self-complete Measure of Health Status for Chronic Airflow Limitation: The St. George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire","volume":"145","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz059","article-title":"Fixed Handheld Dynamometry Provides Reliable and Valid Values for Quadriceps Isometric Strength in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter Study","volume":"99","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013771","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a brief physical activity assessment for use by family doctors * Commentary","volume":"39","author":"Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150391","article-title":"Validity, Reliability, and Ability to Identify Fall Status of the Berg Balance Scale, BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest in Patients With COPD","volume":"96","author":"Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150314","article-title":"An official European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society technical standard: Field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"44","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0504-z","article-title":"Population-based reference values for the 1-min sit-to-stand test","volume":"58","author":"Strassmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koolen, E.H., van Hees, H.W., van Lummel, R.C., Dekhuijzen, R., Djamin, R.S., Spruit, M.A., and van\u2019t Hul, A.J. (2019). \u201cCan do\u201d versus \u201cdo do\u201d: A Novel Concept to Better Understand Physical Functioning in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030340"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.06.003","article-title":"Enhancing the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness using field tests","volume":"109","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, A., J\u00e1come, C., Rebelo, P., Paix\u00e3o, C., Oliveira, A., Cruz, J., Freitas, C., Rua, M., Loureiro, H., and Peguinho, C. (2019). Improving access to community-based pulmonary rehabilitation: 3R protocol for real-world settings with cost-benefit analysis. BMC Public Heal., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7045-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"715","article-title":"Non-responders to outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation: A retrospective, controlled cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Gugg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.10.008","article-title":"Differences in change in coping styles between good responders, moderate responders and non-responders to pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"109","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00145613","article-title":"Differences in content and organisational aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes","volume":"43","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoney, K., Pierce, J., Papo, S., Imran, H., Evans, S., and Wu, W.-C. (2020). Efficacy of adding activity of daily living simulation training to traditional pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea and health-related quality-of-life. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237973"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00790.2018","article-title":"Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"126","author":"Vaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feito, Y., Heinrich, K.M., Butcher, S.J., and Poston, W.S.C. (2018). High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): Definition and Research Implications for Improved Fitness. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030076"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadflieg, K., Machado, A., Haesevoets, S., Daenen, M., Thomeer, M., Ruttens, D., Spruit, M.A., and Burtin, C. (2021). Physical Tests Are Poorly Related to Patient-Reported Outcome Measures during Severe Acute Exacerbations of COPD. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010150"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Herck, M., Antons, J., Vercoulen, J.H., Go\u00ebrtz, Y.M.J., Ebadi, Z., Burtin, C., Janssen, D.J.A., Thong, M.S.Y., Otker, J., and Coors, A. (2019). Pulmonary Rehabilitation Reduces Subjective Fatigue in COPD: A Responder Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2019.PA573"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782702","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/782702","article-title":"A Simple Clinical Measure of Quadriceps Muscle Strength Identifies Responders to Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"2014","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab052","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab052","article-title":"Specific Contribution of Quadriceps Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Power to Functional Exercise Capacity in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter Study","volume":"101","author":"Gephine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/518\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:04:40Z","timestamp":1760133880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/3\/518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11030518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11030518","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]}}}