{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:51:58Z","timestamp":1768974718575,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY030088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unrestricted department grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unrestricted department grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014069","name":"Champalimaud Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Retina research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Retina research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We and others have shown that patients with different severity stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have distinct plasma metabolomic profiles compared to controls. Urine is a biofluid that can be obtained non-invasively and, in other fields, urine metabolomics has been proposed as a feasible alternative to plasma biomarkers. However, no studies have applied urinary mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomics to AMD. This study aimed to assess urinary metabolomic profiles of patients with different stages of AMD and a control group. We included two prospectively designed, multicenter, cross-sectional study cohorts: Boston, US (n = 185) and Coimbra, Portugal (n = 299). We collected fasting urine samples, which were used for metabolomic profiling (Ultrahigh Performance Liquid chromatography\u2014Mass Spectrometry). Multivariable logistic and ordinal logistic regression models were used for analysis, accounting for gender, age, body mass index and use of AREDS supplementation. Results from both cohorts were then meta-analyzed. No significant differences in urine metabolites were seen when comparing patients with AMD and controls. When disease severity was considered as an outcome, six urinary metabolites differed significantly (p &lt; 0.01). In particular, two of the metabolites identified have been previously shown by our group to also differ in the plasma of patients of AMD compared to controls and across severity stages. While there are fewer urinary metabolites associated with AMD than plasma metabolites, this study identified some differences across stages of disease that support previous work performed with plasma, thus highlighting the potential of these metabolites as future biomarkers for AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11040940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Urinary Mass Spectrometry Profiles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8136-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Lains","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Q.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0109-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John B.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivana K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]},{"given":"Demetrios G.","family":"Vavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]},{"given":"Joaquim Neto","family":"Murta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rufino","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joan W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lasky-Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]},{"given":"Deeba","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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