{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:59:13Z","timestamp":1760151553704,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015_595935779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015_595935779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aimed to explore immune parameters in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to identify distinctive features in patients with cardiac injury. Methods: A total of 30 COVID-19 patients &gt;18 years admitted to the ICU were studied on days D1, D3 and D7 after admission. Cardiac function was assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). Peripheral blood immunophenotyping, cardiac (pro-BNP; troponin) and inflammatory biomarkers were simultaneously evaluated. Results: Cardiac dysfunction (DYS) was detected by STE in 73% of patients: 40% left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction, 60% LV diastolic dysfunction, 37% right ventricle systolic dysfunction. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) was detectable in 43.3% of the patients with a median value of 13.00 ng\/L. There were no significant differences between DYS and nDYS patients regarding mortality, organ dysfunction, cardiac (including hs-cTn) or inflammatory biomarkers. Patients with DYS showed persistently lower lymphocyte counts (median 896 [661\u20131837] cells\/\u00b5L vs. 2141 [924\u20133306] cells\/\u00b5L, p = 0.058), activated CD3 (median 85 [66\u2013170] cells\/\u00b5L vs. 186 [142\u2013259] cells\/\u00b5L, p = 0.047) and CD4 T cells (median 33 [28\u201340] cells\/\u00b5L vs. 63 [48\u201379] cells\/\u00b5L, p = 0.005), and higher effector memory T cells (TEM) at baseline (CD4%: 10.9 [6.4\u201319.2] vs. 5.9 [4.2\u201312.8], p = 0.025; CD8%: 15.7 [7.9\u201322.8] vs. 8.1 [7.7\u201313.7], p = 0.035; CD8 counts: 40 cells\/\u00b5L [17\u201361] vs. 10 cells\/\u00b5L [7\u201317], p = 0.011) than patients without cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion: Our study suggests an association between the immunological trait and cardiac dysfunction in severe COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"1880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristic Immune Dynamics in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiac Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Andr\u00e9","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"\u00c2ngelo-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC\u2014Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC\u2014Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jacobo","family":"Bacariza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antero","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC\u2014Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunoallergy Department, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"name":"EchoCrit Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.004","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical outcomes of cardiac injury in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. 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