{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:35:28Z","timestamp":1776177328349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon","award":["referenceIPL\/2021\/PharmCAC_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["referenceIPL\/2021\/PharmCAC_ESTeSL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal models for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CACC) represent an important tool to explore the mechanistic basis of cancer-related inflammation, providing important evidence that several inflammatory mediators play specific roles in the initiation and perpetuation of colitis and CACC. Although several original articles have been published describing the CACC model in rodents, there is no consensus about the induction method. This review aims to identify, summarize, compare, and discuss the chemical methods for the induction of CACC through the PRISMA methodology. Methods: We searched MEDLINE via the Pubmed platform for studies published through March 2021, using a highly sensitive search expression. The inclusion criteria were only original articles, articles where a chemically-induced animal model of CACC is described, preclinical studies in vivo with rodents, and articles published in English. Results: Chemically inducible models typically begin with the administration of a carcinogenic compound (as azoxymethane (AOM) or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)), and inflammation is caused by repeated cycles of colitis-inducing agents (such as 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)). The strains mostly used are C57BL\/6 and Balb\/c with 5\u20136 weeks. To characterize the preclinical model, the parameters more used include body weight, stool consistency and morbidity, inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1\u03b2, angiogenesis markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), marker of proliferation Ki-67, and caspase 3, the presence of ulcers, thickness or hyperemia in the colon, and histological evaluation of inflammation. Conclusion: The AOM administration seems to be important to the CACC induction method, since the carcinogenic effect is achieved with just one administration. DSS has been the more used inflammatory agent; however, the TNBS contribution should be more studied, since it allows a reliable, robust, and a highly reproducible animal model of intestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T21:46:53Z","timestamp":1652392013000},"page":"2739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Chemically Induced Colitis-Associated Cancer Models in Rodents for Pharmacological Modulation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Modesto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Estarreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Joaquim Chaves Sa\u00fade, Joaquim Chaves Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Miraflores, 1495-069 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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