{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:58:42Z","timestamp":1772780322121,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability","award":["51NF40-185901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51NF40-185901"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability","award":["10001C_189407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001C_189407"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51NF40-185901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51NF40-185901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10001C_189407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001C_189407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LARSyS\u2014Portuguese national funding agency for science, research and technology (FCT) pluriannual funding 2020\u20132023","award":["51NF40-185901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51NF40-185901"]}]},{"name":"LARSyS\u2014Portuguese national funding agency for science, research and technology (FCT) pluriannual funding 2020\u20132023","award":["10001C_189407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001C_189407"]}]},{"name":"LARSyS\u2014Portuguese national funding agency for science, research and technology (FCT) pluriannual funding 2020\u20132023","award":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study, conducted on a large sample of older adults at elevated fall risk (1), aimed to verify statistical differences in gait stability ratio (GSR) and body balance (BB) according to sex, (2) to examine and compare GSR and BB performance between older adult fallers and non-fallers, (3) to determine an association between GSR and BB according to the history of falls, and (4) to explore whether GSR and BB mediate the association between sex and falls. We included 619 individuals (69.8 \u00b1 5.6 years) living in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. The frequency of falls was obtained by self-report. BB was determined by the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale, while GSR was established by dividing cadence by gait speed and data collected during the 50-foot walk test. Males indicated a lower prevalence of falls in the last 12 months (23.6%), while females had a higher score (48.7%), as well as a lower balance performance (p &lt; 0.001) and higher GSR scores (p &lt; 0.001). Lower BB control (p &lt; 0.001), as well as higher GSR, were more expressive for fallers (p &lt; 0.001). We found a large, negative and significant correlation between GSR and BB for historical falls (r = \u22120.560; p &lt; 0.001), and between male and female cohorts (r = \u22120.507; p &lt; 0.001). The total effect of sex on falls mediated by GSR and BB was 16.4%. Consequently, GSR and BB mediated this association by approximately 74.0% and 22.5%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1672971630000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex Differences in Falls: The Mediating Role of Gait Stability Ratio and Body Balance in Vulnerable Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo de Maio","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lvio R\u00fabio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering System (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Bruna R.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering System (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Regional Directorate of Health, Secretary of Health of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, 9004-515 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Saint Joseph of Cluny Higher School of Nursing, 9050-535 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Kinetics (CIPER), University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (ISAMB), 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering System (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"Marconcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Kinetics (CIPER), University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"KinesioLab, Research Unit in Human Movement Analysis, Piaget Institute, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Duarte L.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2013Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yoshida, S. 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