{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:21:56Z","timestamp":1776352916386,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The recent introduction of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) smartphone-based strategies has allowed achieving some interesting data on the frequency of different awake bruxism (AB) behaviors reported by an individual in the natural environment. Objective: The present paper aims to review the literature on the reported frequency of AB based on data gathered via smartphone EMA technology. Methods: On September 2022, a systematic search in the Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify all peer-reviewed English-language studies assessing awake bruxism behaviors using a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment. The selected articles were assessed independently by two authors according to a structured reading of the articles\u2019 format (PICO). Results: A literature search, for which the search terms \u201cAwake Bruxism\u201d and \u201cEcological Momentary Assessment\u201d were used, identified 15 articles. Of them, eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results of seven studies using the same smartphone-based app reported a frequency of AB behaviors in the range between 28.3 and 40% over one week, while another investigation adopted a different smartphone-based EMA approach via WhatsApp using a web-based survey program and reported an AB frequency of 58.6%. Most included studies were based on convenience samples with limited age range, highlighting the need for more studies on other population samples. Conclusions: Despite the methodological limits, the results of the reviewed studies provide a standpoint for comparison for future studies on the epidemiology of awake bruxism behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1678071752000},"page":"1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Ecological Momentary Assessment of Awake Bruxism Behaviors: A Scoping Review of Findings from Smartphone-Based Studies in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Colonna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"Ahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"C\u00e2mara-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ing\u00e1 University Center, Maring\u00e1 87035-510, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2588-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alona","family":"Emodi-Perlmam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6088-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitta","family":"H\u00e4ggm\u00e4n-Henrikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw function, Faculty of Odontology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Ambrosina","family":"Michelotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorders, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Nyk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Stanisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw function, Faculty of Odontology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efraim","family":"Winocur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lobbezoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12663","article-title":"International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress","volume":"45","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12454","article-title":"Bruxism: A summary of current knowledge on aetiology, assessment and management","volume":"13","author":"Manfredini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12011","article-title":"Bruxism defined and graded: An international consensus","volume":"40","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.921","article-title":"Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: A systematic review of literature","volume":"27","author":"Manfredini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13042","article-title":"Correlates and genetics of self-reported sleep and awake bruxism in a nationwide twin cohort","volume":"47","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12938","article-title":"Towards a standardised tool for the assessment of bruxism (STAB)\u2014Overview and general remarks of a multidimensional bruxism evaluation system","volume":"47","author":"Manfredini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"252","article-title":"BruxApp: The ecological momentary assessment of awake bruxism","volume":"65","author":"Manfredini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12627","article-title":"Frequency of awake bruxism behaviors in the natural environment. A seven day, multiple-point observation of real time report in healthy young adults","volume":"45","author":"Bracci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03098-2","article-title":"Smartphone-based application for EMA assessment of awake bruxism: Compliance evaluation in a sample of healthy young adults","volume":"24","author":"Colonna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00169","article-title":"Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention principles for the study of awake bruxism behaviors, part 1: General principles and preliminary data on healthy young Italian adults","volume":"10","author":"Zani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emodi-Perlman, A., Manfredini, D., Shalev, T., Yevdayev, I., Frideman-Rubin, P., Bracci, A., Arnias-Winocur, O., and Eli, I. (2021). Awake Bruxism-Single-Point Self-Report versus Ecological Momentary Assessment. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0343.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13259","article-title":"Utility of Smartphone-based real-time report (Ecological Momentary Assessment) in the assessment and monitoring of awake bruxism: A multiple-week interval study in a Portuguese population of university students","volume":"48","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Awake bruxism frequency and psychosocial factors in college preparatory students","volume":"14","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13212","article-title":"Smartphonebased evaluation of awake bruxism behaviours in a sample of healthy young adults: Findings from two University centres","volume":"48","author":"Zani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00170","article-title":"Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention Principles for the Study of Awake Bruxism Behaviors, Part 2: Development of a Smartphone Application for a Multicenter Investigation and Chronological Translation for the Polish Version","volume":"10","author":"Osiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emodi-Perlman, A., Manfredini, D., Shalev, T., Bracci, A., Frideman-Rubin, P., and Eli, I. (2021). Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Awake Bruxism-Self-Report versus Ecological Momentary Assessment. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194447"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyk\u00e4nen, L., Manfredini, D., Lobbezoo, F., K\u00e4mppi, A., Colonna, A., Zani, A., Almeida, A.M., Emodi-Perlman, A., Savolainen, A., and Bracci, A. (2022). Ecological Momentary Assessment of Awake Bruxism with a Smartphone Application Requires Prior Patient Instruction for Enhanced Terminology Comprehension: A Multi-Center Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123444"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13130","article-title":"Frequency of awake bruxism behaviour in orthodontic patients: Randomised clinical trial: Awake bruxism behaviour in orthodontic patients","volume":"48","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci, R., Manfredini, D., Lenci, F., Simeon, V., Bracci, A., and Michelotti, A. (2022). Comparison between Ecological Momentary Assessment and Questionnaire for the Assessment of Frequency of Waking-Time Non-Functional Oral Behaviours. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195880"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracci, A., Lobbezoo, F., H\u00e4ggman-Henrikson, B., Colonna, A., Nyk\u00e4nen, L., Pollis, M., Ahlberg, J., Manfredini, D., and International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology INfORM (2022). Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Awake Bruxism Assessment: Expert Consensus Recommendations. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175083"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00481","article-title":"Virtues, ecological momentary assessment\/intervention and smartphone technology","volume":"6","author":"Runyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2005.027","article-title":"Tooth contact in patients with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"23","author":"Glaros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"185","article-title":"Nonfunctional tooth contact in healthy controls and patients with myogenous facial pain","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12833","article-title":"The bruxism construct: From cut-off points to a continuum spectrum","volume":"46","author":"Manfredini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"153","article-title":"Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism","volume":"23","author":"Manfredini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e090","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0090","article-title":"Oral behaviors, bruxism, malocclusion and painful temporomandibular joint clicking: Is there an association?","volume":"35","author":"Poluha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2008.01852.x","article-title":"Relationships between craniofacial pain and bruxism","volume":"35","author":"Svensson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.02.013","article-title":"Relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review of literature from 1998 to 2008","volume":"109","author":"Manfredini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"849","article-title":"Treatment of bruxism in children: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Restrepo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2012.02298.x","article-title":"Are bruxism and the bite casually related?","volume":"39","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"306","article-title":"Oral behaviors checklist: Reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors","volume":"20","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"31","article-title":"Self-reported oral parafunctions and pain intensity in temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"20","author":"Lobbezoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.06.012","article-title":"The use of ecological momentary assessment in hearing research and future clinical applications","volume":"369","author":"Timmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13204","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Ecological momentary assessment studies in child psychology and psychiatry","volume":"61","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.116","article-title":"The utility of smartphone-based, ecological momentary assessment for depressive symptoms","volume":"274","author":"Yim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124108330005","article-title":"Smartphones: An emerging tool for social scientist","volume":"37","author":"Raento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runjan, J.D., Steenbergh, T.A., Bainbridge, C., Daugherty, D.A., Oke, L., and Fry, B.N. (2013). A smartphone ecological momentary assessment\/intervention Bapp^ for collecting real-time data and promoting selfawareness. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071325"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021662","article-title":"Emotional reactivity to daily events in major and minor depression","volume":"120","author":"Bylsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/5\/1904\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:44Z","timestamp":1760121824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/5\/1904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12051904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12051904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}