{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T09:09:21Z","timestamp":1772874561103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Nowadays, the risk stratification of preterm birth (PTB) and its prediction remain a challenge. Many risk factors associated with PTB have been identified, and risk scoring systems (RSSs) have been developed to face this challenge. The objectives of this systematic review were to identify RSSs for PTB, the variables they consist of, and their performance. Materials and methods: Two databases were searched, and two authors independently performed the screening and eligibility phases. Records studying an RSS, based on specified variables, with an evaluation of the predictive value for PTB, were considered eligible. Reference lists of eligible studies and review articles were also searched. Data from the included studies were extracted. Results: A total of 56 studies were included in this review. The most frequently incorporated variables in the RSS included in this review were maternal age, weight, history of smoking, history of previous PTB, and cervical length. The performance measures varied widely among the studies, with sensitivity ranging between 4.2% and 92.0% and area under the curve (AUC) between 0.59 and 0.95. Conclusions: Despite the recent technological and scientifical evolution with a better understanding of variables related to PTB and the definition of new ultrasonographic parameters and biomarkers associated with PTB, the RSS\u2019s ability to predict PTB remains poor in most situations, thus compromising the integration of a single RSS in clinical practice. The development of new RSSs, the identification of new variables associated with PTB, and the elaboration of a large reference dataset might be a step forward to tackle the problem of PTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"4360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk Scoring Systems for Preterm Birth and Their Performance: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8900-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaro","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e2ni","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.865","article-title":"The preterm birth syndrome: Issues to consider in creating a classification system","volume":"206","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201315: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2017.01.003","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of Preterm Birth: Neurodevelopmental and Physical Health Outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Luu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falsaperla, R., Lombardo, F., Filosco, F., Romano, C., Saporito, M.A.N., Puglisi, F., Piro, E., Ruggieri, M., and Pavone, P. (2020). Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants: Overview of Current Evidence and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070145"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012676","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012676","article-title":"Impact of preterm birth on maternal well-being and women\u2019s perceptions of their baby: A population-based survey","volume":"6","author":"Henderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F329","DOI":"10.1136\/fetalneonatal-2011-300969","article-title":"Study of the costs and morbidities of late-preterm birth","volume":"97","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13184","article-title":"Risk factors for spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"150","author":"Cobo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","article-title":"The global epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"52","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000062","article-title":"Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Related to Advanced Maternal Age Compared with Smoking and Being Overweight","volume":"123","author":"Aasheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326988","article-title":"Ethnic and Racial Disparities in the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30144-5","article-title":"Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Faber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205387","article-title":"Mother\u2019s education and the risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth: A DRIVERS meta-analysis of 12 European cohorts","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01285.x","article-title":"Impact of Increasing Inter-pregnancy Interval on Maternal and Infant Health","volume":"26","author":"Wendt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. P\u00e9rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12896","article-title":"Impact of obstetric history on the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in singleton and multiple pregnancies: A systematic review","volume":"121","author":"Kazemier","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"281","article-title":"Sonographic measurement of cervical length as a predictor of preterm delivery: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9rinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570379","article-title":"Role of the Placenta in Preterm Birth: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1646","article-title":"Placental Abruption and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes","volume":"282","author":"Ananth","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.847082","article-title":"Type of congenital uterine anomaly and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7422","article-title":"Association of Preterm Birth with Brain Malformations","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.010","article-title":"Multiple gestations and preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"Fuchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12933","article-title":"Treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy in order to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery-a clinical recommendation","volume":"95","author":"Haahr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412831","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/412831","article-title":"The Consequences of Chorioamnionitis: Preterm Birth and Effects on Development","volume":"2013","author":"Galinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328360dc31","article-title":"Genitourinary pathogens and preterm birth","volume":"26","author":"Cunnington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CD006843","article-title":"Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth","volume":"7","author":"Berghella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornaday, K.K., Wood, E.M., and Slater, D.M. (2022). Is there a maternal blood biomarker that can predict spontaneous preterm birth prior to labour onset? A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265853"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8367571","article-title":"Prediction of Preterm Birth: Maternal Characteristics, Ultrasound Markers, and Biomarkers: An Updated Overview","volume":"2018","author":"Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illarionov, R.A., Pachuliia, O.V., Vashukova, E.S., Tkachenko, A.A., Maltseva, A.R., Postnikova, T.B., Nasykhova, Y.A., Bespalova, O.N., and Glotov, A.S. (2022). Plasma miRNA Profile in High Risk of Preterm Birth during Early and Mid-Pregnancy. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112018"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999582","article-title":"An Evaluation of Formal Risk Scoring for Preterm Birth","volume":"6","author":"Keirse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30414-7","article-title":"A Review of Risk Scoring for Preterm Birth","volume":"20","author":"Shiono","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610410001685439","article-title":"The accuracy of risk scores in predicting preterm birth\u2014A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Honest","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"CD004902","article-title":"Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes","volume":"2015","author":"Davey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00841.x","article-title":"Antenatal Identification of Women at High Risk of Spontaneous Pre-Term Birth","volume":"83","author":"Fedrick","year":"1976","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"692","article-title":"System for predicting spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"55","author":"Creasy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"645","article-title":"Predictability of pregnancy outcome in preterm delivery","volume":"63","author":"Guzick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"719","article-title":"Preterm labor in twin pregnancies: Prediction by cervical assessment","volume":"72","author":"Neilson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999547","article-title":"Evaluation of a Risk-Scoring System for Prediction of Preterm Labor","volume":"6","author":"Holbrook","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90298-6","article-title":"Evaluation of risk scoring in a preterm birth prevention study of indigent patients","volume":"160","author":"Guzick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91086-R","article-title":"Evaluation of a risk scoring system as a predictor of preterm birth in an indigent population","volume":"163","author":"Owen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90077-5","article-title":"Quantification of cervical change: Relationship to preterm delivery in the multifetal gestation","volume":"165","author":"Newman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(13)90046-6","article-title":"Prediction of preterm birth in nulliparous patients","volume":"171","author":"Guinn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199503000-00003","article-title":"Validity of the Creasy risk appraisal instrument for prediction of preterm labor","volume":"44","author":"Edenfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70225-9","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: A clinical risk assessment system","volume":"174","author":"Mercer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70020-0","article-title":"The value of fetal fibronectin in cervical and vaginal secretions and of ultrasonographic examination of the uterine cervix in predicting premature delivery for patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"175","author":"Rizzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70703-9","article-title":"Accuracy of salivary estriol testing compared to traditional risk factor assessment in predicting preterm birth","volume":"180","author":"Heine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70461-8","article-title":"Predicting risk of preterm delivery by second-trimester measurement of maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone and \u03b1-fetoprotein concentrations","volume":"181","author":"McLean","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00203.x","article-title":"New score indicating placental vascular resistance","volume":"82","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00488-5","article-title":"Evaluation of quantitative ultrasound tissue characterization of the cervix and cervical length in the prediction of premature delivery for patients with spontaneous preterm labor","volume":"189","author":"Tekesin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2003.10.007","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin assay in cervical secretions for accurate diagnosis of preterm labor","volume":"85","author":"Gurbuz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.9.1187","article-title":"Cervical Length in the Early Second Trimester for Detection of Triplet Pregnancies at Risk for Preterm Birth","volume":"23","author":"Maslovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2633","article-title":"Evaluation and validation of a new risk score (CLEOPATRA score) to predict the probability of premature delivery for patients with threatened preterm labor","volume":"26","author":"Tekesin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2616","article-title":"Cervical assessment at 22 and 27 weeks for the prediction of spontaneous birth before 34 weeks in twin pregnancies: Is transvaginal sonography more accurate than digital examination?","volume":"26","author":"Favre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050600852510","article-title":"Evaluation of third trimester uterine artery flow velocity indices in relationship to perinatal complications","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.12.010","article-title":"Qualitative glandular cervical score as a potential new sonomorphological parameter in screening for preterm delivery","volume":"32","author":"Grgic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600935722","article-title":"Is sonographic assessment of cervical length better than digital examination in screening for preterm delivery in a low-risk population?","volume":"85","author":"Matijevic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2773","article-title":"Prediction of patient-specific risk of early preterm delivery using maternal history and sonographic measurement of cervical length: A population-based prospective study","volume":"27","author":"To","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.04.038","article-title":"Early prediction of preterm birth for singleton, twin, and triplet pregnancies","volume":"131","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5333","article-title":"Cervical length and obstetric history predict spontaneous preterm birth: Development and validation of a model to provide individualized risk assessment","volume":"31","author":"Celik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.09.030","article-title":"Development and validation of nomograms for predicting preterm delivery","volume":"204","author":"Allouche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2662","article-title":"Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery from maternal factors, obstetric history and placental perfusion and function at 11\u201313 weeks","volume":"31","author":"Beta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31825503e5","article-title":"Clinical Prediction Rules for Preterm Birth in Patients Presenting with Preterm Labor","volume":"119","author":"Bastek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01386.x","article-title":"Predictive score for early preterm birth in decisions about emergency cervical cerclage in singleton pregnancies","volume":"91","author":"Fuchs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.07.007","article-title":"Development of a prognostic model for predicting spontaneous singleton preterm birth","volume":"164","author":"Schaaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.766703","article-title":"Can transvaginal ultrasonographic evaluation of the endocervical glandular area predict preterm labor among patients who received tocolytic therapy for threatened labor: A cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Kahyaoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.07.042","article-title":"Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"171","author":"Sananes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.005","article-title":"A proposed method to predict preterm birth using clinical data, standard maternal serum screening, and cholesterol","volume":"208","author":"Alleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000754","article-title":"Quantitative Fetal Fibronectin to Predict Preterm Birth in Asymptomatic Women at High Risk","volume":"125","author":"Abbott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1048431","article-title":"The use of angiogenic biomarkers in maternal blood to identify which SGA fetuses will require a preterm delivery and mothers who will develop pre-eclampsia","volume":"29","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.02.001","article-title":"Development and validation of a spontaneous preterm delivery predictor in asymptomatic women","volume":"214","author":"Saade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14865","article-title":"Development and validation of a tool incorporating cervical length and quantitative fetal fibronectin to predict spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic high-risk women","volume":"47","author":"Kuhrt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"220","article-title":"Second-Trimester Anterior Cervical Angle in a Low-Risk Population as a Marker for Spontaneous Preterm Delivery","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winger, E.E., Reed, J.L., and Ji, X. (2017). Early first trimester peripheral blood cell microRNA predicts risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women: Proof of concept. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180124"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.11.004","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy or first-trimester risk scoring to identify women at high risk of preterm birth","volume":"231","author":"Baer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17525","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of cervical texture by ultrasound in mid-pregnancy and association with spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"51","author":"Coronado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsikouras, P., Anastasopoulos, G., Maroulis, V., Bothou, A., Chalkidou, A., Deuteraiou, D., Anthoulaki, X., Tsatsaris, G., Bourazan, A.H., and Iatrakis, G. (2018). Comparative Evaluation of Arabin Pessary and Cervical Cerclage for the Prevention of Preterm Labor in Asymptomatic Women with High Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040791"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandewiele, G., Dehaene, I., Janssens, O., Ongenae, F., De Backere, F., De Turck, F., Roelens, K., Van Hoecke, S., and Demeester, T. (2019). Time-to-Birth Prediction Models and the Influence of Expert Opinions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21642-9_36"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"397","article-title":"Evaluation of Cervical Elastography Strain Pattern to Predict Preterm Birth","volume":"41","author":"Gesthuysen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultraschall Der Med.-Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0051","article-title":"Evaluation of predictive value of biochemical markers for adverse obstetrics outcomes in pregnancies complicated by cholestasis","volume":"91","author":"Wirstlein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Predictive factors of preterm delivery in French Guiana for singleton pregnancies: Definition and validation of a predictive score","volume":"33","author":"Buekens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1564026","article-title":"Is cervical length evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography helpful in detecting true preterm labor?","volume":"33","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100140","article-title":"Performance of a proteomic preterm delivery predictor in a large independent prospective cohort","volume":"2","author":"Markenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winger, E.E., Reed, J.L., Ji, X., Gomez-Lopez, N., Pacora, P., and Romero, R. (2020). MicroRNAs isolated from peripheral blood in the first trimester predict spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236805"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, A.S., Grotegut, C.A., Gaikwad, N.W., Dowden, S.D., and Haas, D.M. (2021). Prediction of neonatal morbidity and very preterm delivery using maternal steroid biomarkers in early gestation. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243585"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312120986729","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120986729","article-title":"Risk assessment of preterm birth through identification and stratification of pregnancies using a real-time scoring algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05872-0","article-title":"Two-stage nomogram models in mid-gestation for predicting the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in twin pregnancy","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belaghi, R.A., Beyene, J., and McDonald, S.D. (2021). Prediction of preterm birth in nulliparous women using logistic regression and machine learning. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252025"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo, I., Cantarutti, A., Allotta, A., Tavormina, E.E., Iommi, M., Pompili, M., Rea, F., Agodi, A., Locatelli, A., and Zanini, R. (2022). Development and Validation of a Novel Pre-Pregnancy Score Predictive of Preterm Birth in Nulliparous Women Using Data from Italian Healthcare Utilization Databases. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081443"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1745178","article-title":"Maternal blood EBF1-based microRNA transcripts as biomarkers for detecting risk of spontaneous preterm birth: A nested case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26020","article-title":"ISUOGPractice Guidelines: Role of ultrasound in the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"60","author":"Coutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:02:56Z","timestamp":1760126576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/13\/4360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12134360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12134360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]}}}