{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T14:41:04Z","timestamp":1778424064065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Impacted teeth are a common phenomenon, in both young and adult populations, as extensively documented in the literature. This study aims to systematically assess the global prevalence of impacted third molars and to analyze their demographic predictors. Methods: The present review adheres to PRISMA guidelines and includes studies published until December 2023. Three databases (MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane) were searched, and studies reporting prevalence rates and demographic predictors of impacted third molars were selected for analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and assess demographic variations. Results: This review yielded 98 studies involving 183,828 subjects. The pooled prevalence of impacted third molars was 36.9% [95% CI: 33.1\u201340.7%] per subject and 46.4% [95% CI: 36.7\u201356.1%] per tooth, with the highest rates in Asia (43.1% [95% CI: 34.6\u201351.7%]) and the lowest in Europe (24.5% [95% CI: 16.1\u201333.9%]). An odds ratio of 1.173 [95% CI: 1.021\u20131.347%] indicated a slightly higher likelihood of third molar impaction among women compared to men, and mandibular third molar impaction was more frequent than maxillary impaction. The meta-regression indicated insufficient consistency for the geographic area to be considered a source of heterogeneity in the prevalence of impacted third molars. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis highlights the substantial prevalence of impacted third molars worldwide and underscores the influence of demographic predictors. These findings may inform region-specific clinical guidelines and preventive approaches for managing impacted third molars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1733920736000},"page":"7533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Worldwide Prevalence and Demographic Predictors of Impacted Third Molars\u2014Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Implantology Institute, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6783-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Implantology Institute, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UIDB\/04559\/2020, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1966-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Implantology Institute, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UIDB\/04559\/2020, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Evidence-Based Dental Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge N. R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Implantology Institute, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UIDB\/04559\/2020, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Evidence-Based Dental Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Caram\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Implantology Institute, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UIDB\/04559\/2020, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00124.x","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathology in middle-aged and older Swedish women","volume":"19","author":"Ahlqwist","year":"1991","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2010.00041.x","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth in a Greek population","volume":"2","author":"Gisakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2020.02.004","article-title":"Third molar impaction in the Jazan Region: Evaluation of the prevalence and clinical presentation","volume":"33","author":"Idris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e363","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth and supernumerary teeth by radiographic evaluation in three Latin American countries: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"311","article-title":"Impacted teeth in a turkish orthodontic patient population: Prevalence, distribution and relationship with dental arch characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Topkara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"158","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathologies\u2014A radiographic study of the Hong Kong Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.8.12204","article-title":"Radiographic assessment of impacted teeth and associated pathosis prevalence: Pattern of occurrence at different ages in Saudi Male in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"Arnout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Peterson, L.J., Ellis, E.I.I.I., Hupp, J.R., and Tuker, M.R. (1998). Principles of Management of Impacted Teeth. Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pogrel, M.A., Dodson, T.B., Swift, J.Q., Bonine, F.L., Rafetto, L.K., and Kennedy, J.E.M.J. (2007). White Paper on Third Molar Data. Am. Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 1\u201325. Available online: https:\/\/www.bristolctoralsurgery.com\/files\/2015\/03\/third-molar-white-paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2015.04.004","article-title":"Managing Impacted Third Molars","volume":"27","author":"Rafetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2022). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision (ICD-11), WHO."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2012.06.005","article-title":"The Management of the Asymptomatic, Disease-Free Wisdom Tooth: Removal Versus Retention","volume":"20","author":"Dodson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"CD003879","article-title":"Surgical removal versus retention for the management of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth (Review)","volume":"5","author":"Ghaeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515615857","article-title":"Predictors of Third Molar Impaction","volume":"95","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3390\/biomed3040040","article-title":"Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Prevalence and Patterns in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: A 5-Year Retrospective Study","volume":"3","author":"Adeola","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601711010648","article-title":"A Cohort Study of the Patterns of Third Molar Impaction in Panoramic Radiographs in Saudi Population","volume":"11","author":"Abouonq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Estudio estad\u00edstico de la prevalencia de 3\u00b0 molares inferiores retenidos en radiograf\u00edas panor\u00e1micas","volume":"1","author":"Pizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Morfol"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"25","article-title":"Comparative study of third molar impaction in rural and urban areas of South-Western Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Olasoji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Odontostomatol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20090918","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"7","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chin. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddaway, N., Mary, A., Coughlin, D., and Kirk, S. (2015). The Role of Google Scholar in Evidence Reviews and Its Applicability to Grey Literature Searching. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.07.014","article-title":"Quality assessment of systematic reviews on vertical bone regeneration","volume":"48","author":"Saletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M., and Welch, V. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0 (updated July 2019), John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2023.239113.2726","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molars among different sagittal skeletal relationships in Upper Egyptian patients","volume":"70","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poszytek, D., and G\u00f3rski, B. (2024). Relationship between the Status of Third Molars and the Occurrence of Dental and Periodontal Lesions in Adjacent Second Molars in the Polish Population: A Radiological Retrospective Observational Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010020"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E804","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab385","article-title":"Oral Health Status of New Zealand Defence Force Recruits","volume":"188","author":"Naysmith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_489_22","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of third molars impaction: A retrospective radiographic study","volume":"14","author":"Shaari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_618_22","article-title":"Prevalence of Impacted Teeth and Pattern of Third Molar Impaction among Kerala Population a Cross Sectional Study","volume":"15","author":"Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2023.06.002","article-title":"Effect of impaction on third molar development and age estimation\u2014A study in a Lebanese population","volume":"107","author":"Angelakopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e45130","article-title":"Assessment of the Relation Between Patterns of Third-Molar Impaction and Blood Group: A Retrospective Study","volume":"15","author":"Alassaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8295","article-title":"Mandibular Third Molar Impaction among Patients Visiting Outpatient Dental Department of a Tertiary Care Centre","volume":"61","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nepal. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.25013","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of impacted third molars and the effects of eruption level and angulation on caries development by panoramic radiographs","volume":"27","author":"Yildirim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02338-4","article-title":"The pattern of mandibular third molar impaction and its relationship with the development of distal caries in adjacent second molars among Emiratis: A retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Alsaegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-020-01473-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Mandibular Third Molars According to the Pell & Gregory and Winter Classifications","volume":"21","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_499_20","article-title":"Pattern of Third Molar Impactions in North-Eastern Peninsular Malaysia: A 10-Year Retrospective Study","volume":"24","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaman, M.U., Almutairi, N.S., Abdulrahman Alnashwan, M., Albogami, S.M., Alkhammash, N.M., and Alam, M.K. (2021). Pattern of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction in Nonsyndromic 17,760 Patients: A Retrospective Study among Saudi Population in Central Region, Saudi Arabia. Biomed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1880750"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8841297","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8841297","article-title":"Radiographic position of impacted mandibular third molars and their association with pathological conditions","volume":"2021","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12517","article-title":"Prevalence of third molars determined by panoramic radiographs in a population-based survey of adult Finns","volume":"48","author":"Vehkalahti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S462","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_140_20","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar: An Institution-based Retrospective Study","volume":"12","author":"KalaiSelvan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patterns of mandibular third molar impaction in an Iranian subpopulation","volume":"20","author":"Rezaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clin. Integr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_62_17","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molars among orthodontic patients in different malocclusions","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000495005","article-title":"Is There a Possible Association between Skeletal Face Types and Third Molar Impaction? A Retrospective Radiographic Study","volume":"28","author":"Tassoker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.15644\/asc53\/1\/8","article-title":"Prevalence of pathologies associated with impacted third molars in Kosovo population: An orthopantomographic study","volume":"53","author":"Sejfija","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.17126\/joralres.2019.051","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted teeth among a sample of yemeni population and their association with sex and age","volume":"8","author":"Helmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.17126\/joralres.2019.009","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars and its association with distal caries in mandibular second molars using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"8","author":"Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1998","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of mandibular third molar impaction in eritrean population: A retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"ZC28","article-title":"Prevalence of distal caries among mandibular second molar due to impacted third molar teeth in Saudi population","volume":"11","author":"Syed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2","article-title":"Estudio radiogr\u00e1fico de la prevalencia de impactaciones dentarias de terceros molares y sus respectivas posiciones","volume":"52","author":"Yamashita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odont. Venez. Vol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence of impacted mandibular and maxillary third molars: A radiographic study in a southeast iran population","volume":"18","author":"Hashemipour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"24966737","article-title":"Investigation of third molar impaction in Turkish orthodontic patients: Prevalence, depth and angular positions","volume":"7","author":"Topkara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(96)90099-6","article-title":"The use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess swelling after the removal of third molar teeth","volume":"34","author":"Llewelyn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"107","article-title":"Radiographic prevalence of unerupted and supernumerary teeth","volume":"61","author":"Sapata","year":"2013","journal-title":"RGO Rev. Ga\u00facha Odontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.95228","article-title":"Prevalence of eruption status of third molars in Libyan students","volume":"9","author":"Byahatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4034\/PBOCI.2012.124.10","article-title":"Prevalence of inclination and depth of mandibular third molars, according to the Winter and Pell & Gregory classifications","volume":"12","author":"Lisboa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clin. Integr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.07.063","article-title":"Frequency of Agenesis, Impaction, Angulation, and Related Pathologic Changes of Third Molar Teeth in Orthodontic Patients","volume":"68","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S12394","article-title":"Pattern of third molar impaction in a Saudi population","volume":"2","author":"Hassan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"18","article-title":"An\u00e1lise radiogr\u00e1fica da preval\u00eancia de terceiros molares retidos efetuada na cl\u00ednica de odontologia do Centro Universit\u00e1rio Positivo","volume":"3","author":"Dechiche","year":"2006","journal-title":"RSBO Rev. Sul-Bras. Odontol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12488","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with oral potentially malignant disorders in Brazil\u2019s rural workers","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"222","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da preval\u00eancia de terceiros molares inferiores inclusos e da posi\u00e7\u00e3o e inclina\u00e7\u00e3o do seu longo eixo em radiografias panor\u00e2micas","volume":"5","author":"Nery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9d. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(03)90413-9","article-title":"Pattern of third molar impaction in a Singapore Chinese population: A retrospective radiographic survey","volume":"32","author":"Quek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1995.tb04801.x","article-title":"Influence of adjacent teeth on impacted third molars in the upper and lower jaws","volume":"40","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"142","article-title":"Diseases and lesions associated with third molars. Review of 1001 cases","volume":"79","author":"Lownie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80068-X","article-title":"Impaction status of third molars in Jordanian students","volume":"79","author":"Hattab","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(89)80055-4","article-title":"Pathological changes related to long-term impaction of third molars. A radiographic study","volume":"18","author":"Eliasson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(86)80060-6","article-title":"The incidence of impacted wisdom teeth in a Saudi community","volume":"15","author":"Haidar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721294","article-title":"Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographs in Relation to the Mandibular Third Molar and to Incidental Findings in an Adult Population","volume":"15","author":"Cederhag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e338","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of third molars impaction. A retrospective study of radiographs in Oman","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.144376","article-title":"Pattern of mandibular third molar impaction: A cross-sectional study in northeast of Iran","volume":"17","author":"Eshghpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(72)80001-2","article-title":"An orthopantomography study of prevalence of impacted teeth","volume":"1","author":"Aitasalo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Al Feeli, D., and Sebaa, Y. (2024, July 29). Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Adult Patients: A Radiographic Study of Kuwaiti Population. Available online: http:\/\/www.hsc.edu.kw\/fod\/research\/PDF_Files\/YS_DF_13.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(61)90204-3","article-title":"A survey of 3874 routine full-mouth radiographs. II. A study of impacted teeth","volume":"14","author":"Dachi","year":"1961","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0979-z","article-title":"The influence of impaction to the third molar mineralization in northwestern Chinese population","volume":"128","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2010.11.001","article-title":"Mandibular cephalometric characteristics of a Saudi sample of patients having impacted third molars","volume":"23","author":"Hassan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjdr.2015.04.005","article-title":"Pattern of third molar impaction in Libyan population: A retrospective radiographic study","volume":"7","author":"Hatem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molars in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Jan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2013.43.4.219","article-title":"Prevalence of missing and impacted third molars in adults aged 25 years and above","volume":"43","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. Dent."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Kabwe, J.K. (1996). The distribution of dental diseases and disorders observed in an urban dental clinic in Zambia. Trop. Dent. J., 27\u201332. Available online: https:\/\/www.santetropicale.com\/Resume\/27404.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.115461","article-title":"Third molar outcomes from age 18 to 26: Findings from a population-based New Zealand longitudinal study","volume":"92","author":"Kruger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29011\/2574-7347.100029","article-title":"A Comparative Pan-Oral Radiographic Survey of Third Molars in Black and In Indian South Africans","volume":"4","author":"Perumal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2014.04.001","article-title":"Incidence of impacted third molars: A radiographic study in People\u2019s Hospital, Bhopal, India","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.166268","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular third molar impaction and agenesis-A radiographic south indian study","volume":"24","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-011-0320-z","article-title":"Distribution of Third Molar Impactions Among Rural and Urban Dwellers in the Age Group of 22\u201330 years in South India: A Comparative Study","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"151","article-title":"Incidence of impacted mandibular third molars in population of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A retrospective radiographic study","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01896.x","article-title":"Pathological sequelae of \u2018negleted\u2019 impacted third molars","volume":"17","author":"Stanley","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.21088\/ijde.0974.6099.11418.3","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Impacted Third Molar in a Sample of Sudanese Population","volume":"11","author":"Shaddad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2020.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molars and the reason for extraction in Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Alfadil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Third Molar Impaction in Sample of Yemeni Adults","volume":"1","author":"Alhadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Online J. Dent. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"131","article-title":"Prevalence of Impacted Teeth among Young Adults: A Retrospective Radiographic Study","volume":"6","author":"Arabion","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Mater. Tech."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayoumi, A.M. (2016). The Prevalence Rate of Third Molar Impaction among Jeddah Population. Int. J. Dent. Oral Health, 2.","DOI":"10.16966\/2378-7090.194"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebeyehu, T., and Abaynew, Y. (2024). Prevalence and patterns of third molar impaction among Ethiopians in Addis Ababa: A retrospective pilot study. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59821-x"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.25130\/tjds.4.1.8","article-title":"Impacted wisdom teeth, prevalence, pattern of impaction, complications and indication for extraction: A pilot clinic study in Iraqi population","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tikrit J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.17159\/2519-0105\/2019\/v74no6a4","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molars in the South African Indian population of the eThekwini Metropolitan Region","volume":"74","author":"Ishwarkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivaramakrishnan, S.M., and Ramani, P. (2015). Study on the prevalence of eruption status of third molars in South Indian population. Biol. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.4172\/0974-8369.1000245"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v21i3.59590","article-title":"Third Molar Impactions Prevalence and Pattern Among Adults Using 5923 Digital Orthopantomogram","volume":"21","author":"Sujon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"367","article-title":"Assessment of Prevalence and Pattern of Impacted Third Molar Among Known Population: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Doni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2016.23.6.11","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of the status of third molars in Sriganganagar population\u2014A digital panoramic study","volume":"23","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"158","article-title":"Prevalence of eruption status of wisdom teeth (Third molar) in Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh) population: A digital panoramic study","volume":"4","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2393","article-title":"Distribution of Impacted Third Molars based on Gender and Patterns of Angulation in Dental Students of the Hai\u2019l Region, Saudi Arabia: A Panoramic Radiographic (OPG) Study","volume":"83","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_779_23","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Tooth Impaction: A Radiographic Study in a Trinidadian Population","volume":"27","author":"Naraynsingh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.32828\/mdj.v5i1.513","article-title":"Prevalence of Impacted Wisdom Teeth among Hawler Young People","volume":"5","author":"Omar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mustansiria Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluation of impact teeth prevalence and related pathologic lesions in patients in Northern part of Iran (2014\u20132016)","volume":"4","author":"Pakravan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026","DOI":"10.17352\/2394-8418.000043","article-title":"Mandibular Third Molars in Southern Bulgaria\u2014A Clinical and Radiological Study of 1518 Patients","volume":"4","author":"Pechalova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Probl. Solut."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.36348\/sjodr.2020.v05i01.006","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Third Molar Impaction among the Saudi Population in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Qassadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Oral Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.15423\/jade\/2014\/v1i1\/44614","article-title":"Prevalence of Eruption of Third Molar Tooth among South Indians and Malaysians","volume":"1","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acad. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.18535\/jmscr\/v7i8.41","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Distribution of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars on Digital Panoramic Radiograph among Central Kerala Population: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"7","author":"Shajahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.52547\/rabms.8.2.83","article-title":"The Prevalence of Impacted Third Molar, Impaction Angulation, and Impaction Depth in Patients Visiting Dental Clinics and Private Offices in Ghaemshahr, Iran, in 2016","volume":"8","author":"Taghain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Appl. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Wagner, M. (2018). Epidemiological Survey of Third Molars in Individuals from the City of Bauru. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"230","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted tooth: A radiographic study of 750 cases","volume":"9","author":"Bhut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7, B.G.\u00c7., Orhan, K., and H\u0131ncal, E. (2022). Maxillary and Mandibular Third Molars Impaction with Associated Pathologies in a North Cyprus Population: A Retrospective Study. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115756"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"194","article-title":"Pattern of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction in Malaysia Population and Their Association with Gender, Age and Race","volume":"13","author":"Shareif","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Dent. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of third molar teeth impaction in South Indian Population. A radiographic assessment","volume":"27","author":"Noor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Dent."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.25301\/JPDA.302.118","article-title":"The Frequency of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction in Different Types of Vertical Skeletal Faces","volume":"30","author":"Viqar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pak. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"315","article-title":"Prevalence of impacted third molar during covid-19 pandemic at Hasanuddin University Dental Hospital","volume":"12","author":"Yunus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Makassar Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"321","article-title":"Prevalence of Impacted Third Molars by Winter\u2019s Classification and Pell & Gregory\u2019s Classification on Radiographic Assessment in Relation to ABO Blood Group in Orthodontic Patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)","volume":"26","author":"Zhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"32","article-title":"Ben Prevalence of impacted third molars: A radiographic study among a North African population","volume":"102","author":"Yacoub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tunis. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515581644","article-title":"Morphologic and demographic predictors of third molar agenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.05.007","article-title":"Evaluation and management of asymptomatic third molars: Lack of symptoms does not equate to lack of pathology","volume":"140","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.216","article-title":"Diseases associated with mandibular third molar teeth","volume":"224","author":"McArdle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferneini, E., and Goupil, M. (2019). Unerupted and Impacted Teeth: A Guide for Assessment and Treatment. Evidence-Based Oral Surgery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91361-2"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.11.013","article-title":"Five-Years Periodontal Outcomes of Early Removal of Unerupted Third Molars Referred for Orthodontic Purposes","volume":"79","author":"Petsos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:52:18Z","timestamp":1760115138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13247533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13247533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}