{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:07:46Z","timestamp":1774469266015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Centre","award":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade","award":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"the Retina Institute of Lisbon (IRL)","award":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2022\/MetAllAMD_ESTeSL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a global cause of vision loss, with limited therapeutic options highlighting the need for effective biomarkers. This study aimed to characterize plasma DNA methyltransferase expression (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) in AMD patients and explore divergent expression patterns across different stages of AMD. Methods: Thirty-eight AMD patients were prospectively enrolled and stratified by disease severity: eAMD, iAMD, nAMD, and aAMD. Comprehensive ophthalmological assessments were performed, including best-corrected visual acuity, digital color fundus photographs, and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Peripheral blood samples were collected for RNA extraction and qRT-PCR to access epigenetic effectors\u2019 transcriptional expression, namely DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B genes. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 29. Results:\u00a0DNMT1 expression was significantly downregulated in late AMD (\u22120.186 \u00b1 0.341) compared to early\/intermediate AMD (0.026 \u00b1 0.246). Within late AMD, aAMD exhibited a marked downregulation of DNMT1 (\u22120.375 \u00b1 0.047) compared to nAMD (0.129 \u00b1 0.392). DNMT3A and DNMT3B showed similar divergent expression patterns, correlating with disease stage. Conclusions: This study identified stage-specific transcriptional differences in DNMT expression, emphasizing its potential as a biomarker for AMD progression and a target for future research into personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:27:54Z","timestamp":1737030474000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["DNA Methyltransferase Expression (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) as a Potential Biomarker in Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2986-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Camacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-1770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Retina Institute of Lisbon, 1150085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Institute of Lisbon, 1150085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Beatriz \u00c2ngelo Hospital, 2674514 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Caldeira Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Institute of Lisbon, 1150085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Institute of Lisbon, 1150085 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Barr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1150199 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Sadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Institute of Lisbon, 1150085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1150199 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Quendera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1150199 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0586-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Delgadinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Ginete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1021-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106-16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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