{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:17:32Z","timestamp":1765178252044,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tooth wear is a progressive and multifactorial condition influenced by mechanical and chemical factors. Saliva plays a crucial role in modulating erosive wear through its buffering capacity and remineralization potential. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear among dental students and explore its correlation with salivary factors such as flow rate and pH. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 individuals from the Egas Moniz School of Health &amp; Science. Erosive wear was evaluated using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were collected to measure salivary flow rate and pH. Statistical analyses included Spearman\u2019s correlation and multinomial logistic regression. Results: All individuals were classified as no risk (BEWE Score 0\u20132) or low risk (BEWE Score 3\u20138). The most affected teeth were the lower first molars and the 4th and 6th sextants. Salivary analysis showed a mean unstimulated flow rate of 0.5 mL\/min and stimulated flow of 1.7 mL\/min. A significant negative correlation (rho = \u22120.224, p = 0.029) was found between stimulated salivary pH and BEWE score, indicating that higher acidity contributes to greater erosive wear. Conclusions: This study highlights the impact of salivary properties on erosive tooth wear, emphasizing the protective role of higher salivary pH. Regular monitoring of saliva and preventive strategies should be integrated into early diagnosis and management of erosive wear in young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:53:00Z","timestamp":1741848780000},"page":"1936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tooth Wear and Salivary Factors: Insights from a Cohort of Dental Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9165-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Nobre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz University Clinic, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8374-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Egas Moniz University Clinic, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7583-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Severe Tooth Wear: European Consensus Statement on Management Guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Loomans","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2013.73","article-title":"Tooth Wear against Ceramic Crowns in Posterior Region: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Hmaidouch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-007-0154-8","article-title":"Tooth Wear: The View of the Anthropologist","volume":"12","author":"Kaidonis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.61872\/sdj-2016-04-143","article-title":"Consensus Report of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry: Erosive Tooth Wear\u2014Diagnosis and Management","volume":"126","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"SWISS Dent. J. SSO Sci. Clin. Top."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2018-140","article-title":"Wear of Dental Materials: Clinical Significance and Laboratory Wear Simulation Methods \u2014A Review","volume":"38","author":"Heintze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680120601","article-title":"Quantitative in Vivo Wear of Human Enamel","volume":"68","author":"Lambrechts","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000359931","article-title":"Is Erosive Tooth Wear an Oral Disease?","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Lussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Monographs in Oral Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000360973","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence and Distribution of Erosion","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Lussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Monographs in Oral Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000360372","article-title":"The Potential of Saliva in Protecting against Dental Erosion","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Lussi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Monographs in Oral Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000500001","article-title":"Saliva and Dental Erosion","volume":"20","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.08.018","article-title":"Prevalence of Tooth Wear on Buccal and Lingual Surfaces and Possible Risk Factors in Young European Adults","volume":"41","author":"Bartlett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-007-0181-5","article-title":"Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE): A New Scoring System for Scientific and Clinical Needs","volume":"12","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis, J.R., and Koch, G.G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33.","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000016587","article-title":"Progression of and Risk Factors for Dental Erosion and Wedge\u2013Shaped Defects over a 6\u2013Year Period","volume":"34","author":"Lussi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.09.012","article-title":"Dynamics of Tooth Erosion in Adolescents: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"38","author":"Bronkhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1175-0","article-title":"Dental Erosive Wear Assessment among Adolescents and Adults Utilizing the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) Scoring System","volume":"18","author":"Vered","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.670","article-title":"Evaluation of the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) for Use in General Dental Practice","volume":"213","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.03.003","article-title":"Assessment and Management of Dental Erosion","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000314811","article-title":"Reliability of Two Clinical Scoring Systems for Dental Erosive Wear","volume":"44","author":"Mulic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.10.014","article-title":"Evaluation of Three Different Scoring Systems for Dental Erosion: A Comparative Study in Adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Margaritis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mielle, B., J\u00fadice, A., Proen\u00e7a, L., Machado, V., Vieira, A.M., Mendes, J.J., Manso, A.C., Rozan, C., and Botelho, J. (2025). Dental Caries, Tooth Erosion and Nutritional Habits in a Cohort of Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0790.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700813","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Tooth Erosion in Adolescents","volume":"87","author":"Bronkhorst","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12982\/OSR.2024.034","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Protective Effect of Salivary Pellicle Against Dental Erosion: A Concise Review","volume":"45","author":"Chawhuaveang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000093349","article-title":"Diagnosis of Erosive Tooth Wear","volume":"Volume 20","author":"Lussi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Monographs in Oral Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubala, E., Strzelecka, P., Grzegocka, M., Lietz-Kijak, D., Gronwald, H., Skomro, P., and Kijak, E. (2018). A Review of Selected Studies That Determine the Physical and Chemical Properties of Saliva in the Field of Dental Treatment. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6572381"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbr.2013.03.001","article-title":"Sialometria: Aspectos de interesse cl\u00ednico","volume":"53","author":"Mota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105499","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship of Salivary pH and Flow Rate with Tooth Wear Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"152","author":"Madariaga","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104692","article-title":"Association between Salivary Characteristics and Tooth Wear: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"138","author":"Madariaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10651","article-title":"Dental Erosion and the Role of Saliva: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Dipalma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5623-1","article-title":"Monitoring of Erosive Tooth Wear: What to Use and When to Use It","volume":"234","author":"Marro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.008","article-title":"Monitoring the Progression of Erosive Tooth Wear (ETW) Using BEWE Index in Casts and Their 3D Images: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study","volume":"73","author":"Marro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/6\/1936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:52:59Z","timestamp":1760028779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/6\/1936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14061936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14061936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]}}}