{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:30Z","timestamp":1760058810106,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF21OC0067235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF21OC0067235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo De Desarrollo Regional","award":["NNF21OC0067235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF21OC0067235"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Evidence suggests that the administration of antivirals at the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with lower COVID-19 severity, accordingly, the administration of antivirals at the acute phase of the infection could prevent post-COVID-19 symptoms. The current study investigated the effects of the intravenous administration of Remdesivir at hospitalization (acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection) in COVID-19 survivors on the development of post-COVID-19 pain symptoms. Methods: A cohort of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors who received intravenous administration of Remdesivir at the acute COVID-19 phase (n = 216) were matched with a cohort of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors who did not receive any antiviral treatment at the acute phase of the infection (n = 216). In a face-to-face interview, they were asked for the development of pain symptoms attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether the symptom persisted at the time of the study (mean follow-up: 18.4, SD: 0.8 months). Clinical\/hospitalization data were collected from medical records. Anxiety\/depressive symptoms and sleep quality were also assessed with validated self-reported questionnaires. Results: No differences in hospitalization data and the presence of previous chronic conditions were seen between patients receiving or not receiving intravenous administration of Remdesivir during hospitalization. The multivariate analysis revealed that the intravenous administration of Remdesivir at the acute COVID-19 phase was a protective factor for the development of overall post-COVID-19 pain (OR 0.444, 95% CI 0.292\u20130.674, p &lt; 0.001). A protective effect of administrating intravenous Remdesivir was specifically seen for thorax\/chest (OR 0.277, 95% CI 0.100\u20130.766, p = 0.01) and lumbar spine (OR 0.347, 95% CI 0.143\u20130.844, p = 0.02) pain. Conclusions: Current results support a potential protective role of the intravenous administration of Remdesivir at the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection for developing long-term post-COVID-19 pain in previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. Studies investigating the effects of the oral administration of antivirals in non-hospitalized populations are needed to generalize these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"3156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intravenous Administration of Remdesivir at the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Center, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1061-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabel","family":"Franco-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1538-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ruiz-Ruig\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estibaliz","family":"Arrieta-Ortubay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ryan-Murua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lumbreras-Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0748-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"del-Valle-Loarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar J.","family":"Pellicer-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Parc Cient\u00edfic, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8860-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Torres-Macho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-129X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Center, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Arendt-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Center, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mech-Sense, Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Clinical Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105768","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatments for symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Zur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00388-7","article-title":"Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"74","author":"Rahmah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00162-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00162-20","article-title":"Remdesivir against COVID-19 and other viral diseases","volume":"34","author":"Malin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, April 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/module-1-introduction-to-therapeutics-for-covid-19.pdf\/."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long COVID: Complications, underlying mechanisms, and treatment strategies","volume":"7","author":"Zadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01696-5","article-title":"Long COVID: Current definition","volume":"50","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","article-title":"Global prevalence of post COVID-19 condition or long COVID: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Q., Zheng, B., Daines, L., and Sheikh, A. (2022). Long-term sequelae of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of one-year follow-up studies on post-COVID symptoms. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020269"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.12.004","article-title":"Persistence of post-COVID symptoms in the general population two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Notarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28852","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28852","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term sequelae of COVID-19 2-year after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A call to action for neurological, physical, and psychological sciences","volume":"95","author":"Rahmati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01204-1","article-title":"Long COVID and possible preventive options","volume":"31","author":"Gyires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02154-0","article-title":"Is antiviral treatment at the acute phase of COVID-19 effective for decreasing the risk of long-COVID? A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Catahay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab297","article-title":"Risk factors and incidence of long-COVID syndrome in hospitalized patients: Does remdesivir have a protective effect?","volume":"114","author":"Boglione","year":"2022","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badenes Bonet, D., Caguana V\u00e9lez, O.A., Duran Jord\u00e0, X., Comas Serrano, M., Posso Rivera, M., Admetll\u00f3, M., Herranz Blasco, A., Cuadrado Godia, E., Marco Navarro, E., and Martin Ezquerra, G. (2023). Treatment of COVID-19 during the acute phase in hospitalized patients decreases post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124158"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33825-5","article-title":"Effect of remdesivir post hospitalization for COVID-19 infection from the randomized SOLIDARITY Finland trial","volume":"13","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e9s\u00fc, D., B\u00e1rczi, E., Csoma, B., Polivka, L., Boga, M., Horv\u00e1th, G., Varga, J.T., Seb\u0151k, S., and M\u00fcller, V. (2025). Real-world evidence of remdesivir in formerly hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Patient-reported and functional outcomes. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10398-w"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002496","article-title":"Time course prevalence of post-COVID pain symptoms of musculoskeletal origin in patients who had survived to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13277","article-title":"Consistency of inconsistency in long-COVID-19 pain symptoms persistency: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Kerzhner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001389","article-title":"IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain","volume":"160","author":"Perrot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Herrmann-Lingen, C., Buss, U., and Snaith, R.P. (2011). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\u2014Deutsche Version (HADS-D), Verlag Hans Huber."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2818","article-title":"Telephone versus internet administration of self-report measures of social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia: Psychometric evaluation of a method to reduce the impact of missing data","volume":"15","author":"Hedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez, J., Palacios-Ce\u00f1a, M., de-la-Llave-Rinc\u00f3n, A.I., Fuensalida-Novo, S., Florencio, L.L., Ambite-Quesada, S., Ortega-Santiago, R., Arias-Bur\u00eda, J.L., and Liew, B.X.W. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159273"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olss\u00f8n, I., Mykletun, A., and Dahl, A.A. (2005). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale: A cross-sectional study of psychometrics and case finding abilities in general practice. BMC Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-46"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology29010003","article-title":"New clinical phenotype of the Post-COVID syndrome: Fibromyalgia and joint hypermobility condition","volume":"29","author":"Gavrilova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as, C., Nijs, J., Neblett, R., Polli, A., Moens, M., Goudman, L., Shekhar Patil, M., Knaggs, R.D., Pickering, G., and Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2022). Phenotyping post-COVID pain as a nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic pain condition. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102562"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2095","article-title":"Precision management of post-COVID pain: An evidence and clinical-based approach","volume":"27","author":"Nijs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01778-0","article-title":"PHOSP-COVID collaborative group; ISARIC investigators. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease","volume":"25","author":"Liew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S313978","article-title":"COVID-Pain: Acute and late-onset painful clinical manifestations in COVID-19: Molecular mechanisms and research perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Cascella","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002306","article-title":"Myalgia as a symptom at hospital admission by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is associated with persistent musculoskeletal pain as long-term post-COVID sequelae: A case-control study","volume":"162","author":"Florencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Chronic overlapping pain conditions increase the risk of long COVID features, regardless of acute COVID status","volume":"165","author":"Bergmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025, January 10). FDA Approves First Treatment for COVID-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-treatment-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2025, January 10). First COVID-19 Treatment Recommended for EU Authorization. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/first-covid-19-treatment-recommended-eu-authorisation."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1760030782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14093156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14093156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}}}