{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:10:32Z","timestamp":1760037032186,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Accurate identification of vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) is essential for preventing progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. This study addresses the gap in artificial intelligence (AI) applications for vulvar lesion diagnosis by developing and validating the first convolutional neural network (CNN) model to automatically detect and classify HPV-related vulvar lesions\u2014specifically HSIL and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL)\u2014based on vulvoscopy images. Methods: This bicentric study included data from 28 vulvoscopies, comprising a total of 9857 annotated frames, categorized using histopathological reports (HSIL or LSIL). The dataset was divided into training, validation, and testing sets for development and assessment of a YOLOv11-based object detection model. Results: The CNN demonstrated a recall (sensitivity) of 99.7% and a precision (positive predictive value) of 99.1% for lesion detection and classification. Conclusions: This is the first AI model developed for detecting and classifying HPV-related vulvar lesions. The integration of such models into vulvoscopy could significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and positively impact women\u2019s health by reducing the need for potentially invasive and anatomy-altering procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1759834087000},"page":"7065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and Colposcopy: Detection and Classification of Vulvar HPV-Related Low-Grade and High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanitha","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Santo Ant\u00f3nio University Hospital, 4050-651 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5594-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Alenco\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Santo Ant\u00f3nio University Hospital, 4050-651 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Santo Ant\u00f3nio University Hospital, 4050-651 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsan","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK"}]},{"given":"Rosa Zulmira","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Santo Ant\u00f3nio University Hospital, 4050-651 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13881","article-title":"Cancer of the vulva: 2021 update","volume":"155","author":"Olawaiye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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