{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:43:42Z","timestamp":1777614222224,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Different anesthetic protocols may influence endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) outcomes, patient comfort, and even safety. In this study, two anesthesia techniques were assessed and compared for EBUS-TBNA. Methods: A prospective, multicenter study was carried out. Patients were allocated to Group 1 (general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade and controlled ventilation) and Group 2 (intravenous sedation). EBUS-TBNA accuracy was the primary outcome. Safety, patient comfort and satisfaction, and operators\u2019 difficulties were defined as secondary outcomes. Results: Of the 115 patients enrolled (Group 1 = 59, Group 2 = 56), EBUS-TBNA was performed for hilar or mediastinal lesion diagnosis and lung cancer staging in, respectively, 77 (67%) and 38 (33%) patients. The numbers of lymph nodes stations (1.8 \u00b1 1.0 vs. 1.7 \u00b1 1.0, p = 0.472) and punctures per station (6.9 \u00b1 3.1 vs. 6.0 \u00b1 2.5, p = 0.084) were similar between groups. Adequate samples were obtained from 109 patients (97.3%) with similar diagnostic accuracy. Procedure duration was not significantly different (p = 0.348). Hemodynamic parameters and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in Group 1 at the beginning and at the end of the procedure. Adverse events were equally distributed, and no significant differences were found regarding patient satisfaction and bronchoscopist\/anesthesiologist difficulties. Conclusions: The type of anesthesia used did not influence EBUS-TBNA outcomes. EBUS-TBNA performed under sedation or general anesthesia did not affect the diagnostic yield, complication rate, and patients\u2019 comfort and satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1541732882000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Endobronchial Ultrasound under Moderate Sedation versus General Anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria Gabriela O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Sucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena M.","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Avenida Carlos Teixeira, 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana M.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Bugalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Avenida Carlos Teixeira, 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, CUF Infante Santo Hospital and CUF Descobertas Hospital, 1350-070 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1705","article-title":"Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: A randomized trial","volume":"304","author":"Annema","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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