{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:39:24Z","timestamp":1771472364470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnosis of sarcoidosis relies on clinical and radiological presentation, evidence of non-caseating granulomas in histopathology and exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous inflammation. Currently, a proper diagnosis, with a high level of confidence, is considered as key to the appropriate diagnosis and management of the disease. In this sense, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis, incorporating newer techniques to establish, including endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), transesophageal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration with the use of an echo bronchoscope (EUS-B-FNA) and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). Most of the literature reports the diagnostic superiority of endosonographic techniques, such as EBUS-TBNA alone or in combination with EUS-FNA, over conventional bronchoscopic modalities in diagnosing Scadding stages I and II of the disease. Moreover, TBLC may be considered a useful and safe diagnostic tool for thoracic sarcoidosis, overcoming some limitations of transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), avoiding more invasive modalities and being complementary to endosonographic procedures such as EBUS-TBNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Role of Bronchoscopic Techniques in the Diagnosis of Thoracic Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Novais e Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Caetano Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Anomalous Diseases of Skin and Fingers: Case of Livid Papillary psoriasis?","volume":"1","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1877","journal-title":"Illus. 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