{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:46:18Z","timestamp":1760240778675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STRTF201810-00469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRTF201810-00469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and interstitial lung diseases (ILD) frequently suffer from cardiovascular comorbidities (CVC). Exercise training is a cornerstone intervention for the management of these conditions, however recommendations on tailoring programmes to patients suffering from respiratory diseases and CVC are scarce. This systematic review aimed to identify the eligibility criteria used to select patients with COPD, asthma or ILD and CVC to exercise programmes; assess the impact of exercise on cardiovascular outcomes; and identify how exercise programmes were tailored to CVC. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched. Three reviewers extracted the data and two reviewers independently assessed the quality of studies with the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. MetaXL 5.3 was used to calculate the individual and pooled effect sizes (ES). Most studies (58.9%) excluded patients with both stable and unstable CVC. In total, 26\/42 studies reported cardiovascular outcomes. Resting heart rate was the most reported outcome measure (n = 13) and a small statistically significant effect (ES = \u22120.23) of exercise training on resting heart rate of patients with COPD was found. No specific adjustments to exercise prescription were described. Few studies have included patients with CVC. There was a lack of tailoring of exercise programmes and limited effects were found. Future studies should explore the effect of tailored exercise programmes on relevant outcome measures in respiratory patients with CVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T10:32:41Z","timestamp":1568370761000},"page":"1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exercise Training in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Are Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Outcomes Taken into Account?\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4427-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Lab3R), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Quadflieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Lab3R), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON M6M 2J5, Canada"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Charly","family":"Keytsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"BIOMED\u2014Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Lab3R), School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3074-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"BIOMED\u2014Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Jessa hospital, Heart Centre Hasselt, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Burtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL\u2014Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"BIOMED\u2014Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13639","article-title":"Personalized exercise training in chronic lung diseases","volume":"24","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00012610","article-title":"Prioritised research agenda for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases","volume":"36","author":"Bousquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. 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