{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T20:27:14Z","timestamp":1777840034820,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon","award":["IDI&CA_COLITIS_2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI&CA_COLITIS_2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The preclinical studies in vivo provide means of characterizing physiologic interactions when our understanding of such processes is insufficient to allow replacement with in vitro systems and play a pivotal role in the development of a novel therapeutic drug cure. Chemically induced colitis models are relatively easy and rapid to develop. The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis model is one of the main models in the experimental studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) since inflammation induced by TNBS mimics several features of Crohn\u2019s disease. This review aims to summarize the existing literature and discuss different protocols for the induction of chronic model of TNBS-induced colitis. We searched MEDLINE via Pubmed platform for studies published through December 2018, using MeSH terms (Crohn Disease.kw) OR (Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.kw) OR (Colitis, Ulcerative.kw) AND (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.kw) AND (disease models, animal.kw) AND (mice.all). The inclusion criteria were original articles, preclinical studies in vivo using mice, chronic model of colitis, and TNBS as the inducer of colitis and articles published in English. Chronic TNBS-induced colitis is made with multiple TNBS intrarectal administrations in an average dose of 1.2 mg using a volume lower than 150 \u03bcL in 50% ethanol. The strains mostly used are Balb\/c and C57BL\/6 with 5\u20136 weeks. To characterize the preclinical model the parameters more used include body weight, stool consistency and morbidity, inflammatory biomarkers like interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10, presence of ulcers, thickness or hyperemia in the colon, and histological evaluation of the inflammation. Experimental chronic colitis is induced by multiple rectal instillations of TNBS increasing doses in ethanol using Balb\/c and C57BL\/6 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"1574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Preclinical Study in Vivo for New Pharmacological Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Chronic Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2013Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Lisbon School of Health Technology, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"JCS, Dr. Joaquim Chaves, Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Miraflores, 1495-069 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2013Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Lisbon School of Health Technology, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000195385.19268.68","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Hanauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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