{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T01:52:31Z","timestamp":1771465951534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/22\/E\/NZ7\/00420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/22\/E\/NZ7\/00420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) augments the host antitumor immune response, but the role of the PDT effect on the tumor microenvironment in dependence on the type of photosensitizer and\/or therapeutic protocols has not been clearly elucidated. We employed three bacteriochlorins (F2BOH, F2BMet and Cl2BHep) of different polarity that absorb near-infrared light (NIR) and generated a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to compare the PDT efficacy after various drug-to-light intervals: 15 min. (V-PDT), 3h (E-PDT) and 72h (C-PDT). We also performed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of PDT crucial for the generation of the long-lasting antitumor immune response. PDT-induced damage affected the integrity of the host tissue and developed acute (protocol-dependent) local inflammation, which in turn led to the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. In order to further confirm this hypothesis, a number of proteins in the plasma of PDT-treated mice were identified. Among a wide range of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-\u03b1, GM-CSF), chemokines (KC, MCP-1, MIP1\u03b1, MIP1\u03b2, MIP2) and growth factors (VEGF) released after PDT, an important role was assigned to IL-6. PDT protocols optimized for studied bacteriochlorins led to a significant increase in the survival rate of BALB\/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, but each photosensitizer (PS) was more or less potent, depending on the applied DLI (15 min, 3 h or 72 h). Hydrophilic (F2BOH) and amphiphilic (F2BMet) PSs were equally effective in V-PDT (&gt;80 cure rate). F2BMet was the most efficient in E-PDT (DLI = 3h), leading to a cure of 65 % of the animals. Finally, the most powerful PS in the C-PDT (DLI = 72 h) regimen turned out to be the most hydrophobic compound (Cl2BHep), allowing 100 % of treated animals to be cured at a light dose of only 45 J\/cm2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Lipophilicity of Bacteriochlorin-Based Photosensitizers as a Determinant for PDT Optimization through the Modulation of the Inflammatory Mediators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pucelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Arnaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz M.","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessel, D. (2019). Photodynamic Therapy: A Brief History. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101581"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1039\/c5pp00132c","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: From local to systemic treatment","volume":"14","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adioch.2017.03.002","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in photodynamic therapy: Mechanisms of their generation and potentiation","volume":"Volume 70","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Inorganic Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.003","article-title":"The role of strong hypoxia in tumors after treatment in the outcome of bacteriochlorin-based photodynamic therapy","volume":"73","author":"Arnaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49064-6","article-title":"Effects of Photodynamic Therapy with Redaporfin on Tumor Oxygenation and Blood Flow in a Lung Cancer Mouse Model","volume":"9","author":"Karwicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.07.003","article-title":"Cell death in photodynamic therapy: From oxidative stress to anti-tumor immunity","volume":"1872","author":"Donohoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Pogue, B.W., Hoopes, P.J., and Hasan, T. (2006). Vascular and cellular targeting for photodynamic therapy. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 16.","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v16.i4.10"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.07.025","article-title":"Cellular and vascular effects of the photodynamic agent temocene are modulated by the delivery vehicle","volume":"162","author":"Kawakubo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706777935267","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms and prospective applications of hypericin in photodynamic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Kiesslich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4271","article-title":"Vascular effects of photodynamic therapy","volume":"21","author":"Krammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22039","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07031","article-title":"Design of Pluronic-based formulation for enhanced redaporfin-photodynamic therapy against pigmented melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Pucelik","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2016.06.007","article-title":"Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers","volume":"325","author":"Pucelik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00007-4","article-title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one\u2014photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization","volume":"1","author":"Castano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201300449","article-title":"Modulation of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and photosensitivity with the delivery vehicle of a bacteriochlorin photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy","volume":"9","author":"Saavedra","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(93)90684-7","article-title":"The role of lipoproteins in the delivery of tumour-targeting photosensitizers","volume":"25","author":"Jori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901908s","article-title":"In vitro photodynamic therapy and quantitative structure\u2014Activity relationship studies with stable synthetic near-infrared-absorbing bacteriochlorin photosensitizers","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.023","article-title":"Major determinants of photoinduced cell death: Subcellular localization versus photosensitization efficiency","volume":"51","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"983","article-title":"Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins","volume":"81","author":"Brandis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12265","article-title":"TOOKAD\u00ae S oluble vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy: Determination of optimal treatment conditions and assessment of effects in patients with localised prostate cancer","volume":"112","author":"Azzouzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.06.002","article-title":"Elimination of primary tumours and control of metastasis with rationally designed bacteriochlorin photodynamic therapy regimens","volume":"51","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29236","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226162","article-title":"Intravenous single-dose toxicity of redaporfin-based photodynamic therapy in rodents","volume":"16","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201304202","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy efficacy enhanced by dynamics: The role of charge transfer and photostability in the selection of photosensitizers","volume":"20","author":"Arnaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22931","article-title":"Translating phototherapeutic indices from in vitro to in vivo photodynamic therapy with bacteriochlorins","volume":"50","author":"Luz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.027","article-title":"Combined effects of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in photodynamic therapy with photostable bacteriochlorins: Evidence from intracellular fluorescence and increased photodynamic efficacy in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Arnaut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201000524","article-title":"Biodistribution and photodynamic efficacy of a water-soluble, stable, halogenated bacteriochlorin against melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Urbanska","year":"2011","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424609000553","article-title":"Synthesis and photophysical properties of amphiphilic halogenated bacteriochlorins: New opportunities for photodynamic therapy of cancer","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1039\/c2md00308b","article-title":"Improved biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and photodynamic efficacy using a new photostable sulfonamide bacteriochlorin","volume":"3","author":"Arnaut","year":"2012","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Pandey, R.K., Potter, W.R., and Dougherty, T.J. (2007). Fluorinated Photosensitizers Related to Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins for Photodynamic Therapy. (7,166,719), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2003.10.016","article-title":"Fluorinated photosensitizers: Synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical, intracellular localization, in vitro photosensitizing efficacy and determination of tumor-uptake by 19F in vivo NMR spectroscopy","volume":"59","author":"Pandey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2011.09.005","article-title":"Fluorinated porphyrinoids and their biomedical applications","volume":"12","author":"Goslinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)076<0555:AFCSOP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A First Comparative Study of Purpurinimide-based Fluorinated vs. Nonfluorinated Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"76","author":"Gryshuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3897(199907)341:5<417::AID-PRAC417>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Influence of chlorine substituents on biological activity of chemicals","volume":"341","author":"Naumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Prakt. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1526-4998(200001)56:1<3::AID-PS107>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Influence of chlorine substituents on biological activity of chemicals: A review","volume":"56","author":"Naumann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci. Former. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1894","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity","volume":"6","author":"Castano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors","volume":"59","author":"Korbelik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-009-8119-4","article-title":"Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy","volume":"46","author":"Gollnick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1795","article-title":"Differential cell death response to photodynamic therapy is dependent on dose and cell type","volume":"84","author":"Wyld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00098-0","article-title":"The influence of photodynamic therapy on the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Nowis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-010-0479-7","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity","volume":"15","author":"Garg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes-da-Silva, L.C., Zhao, L., Bezu, L., Zhou, H., Sauvat, A., Liu, P., Durand, S., Leduc, M., Souquere, S., and Loos, F. (2018). Photodynamic therapy with redaporfin targets the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. EMBO J., 37.","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798354"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00354a","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy enhancement of anti-tumor immunity","volume":"10","author":"Brackett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.34","article-title":"Macrophage-directed immunotherapy as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy of cancer","volume":"75","author":"Korbelik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1039\/b204254a","article-title":"Neutrophils as inflammatory and immune effectors in photodynamic therapy-treated mouse SCCVII tumours","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1125","article-title":"Cancer immunogenicity, danger signals, and DAMPs: What, when, and how?","volume":"39","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00294a","article-title":"DAMPs and PDT-mediated photo-oxidative stress: Exploring the unknown","volume":"10","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3380","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Krysko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2010.09.106","article-title":"Synthesis and photophysical characterization of a library of photostable halogenated bacteriochlorins: An access to near infrared chemistry","volume":"66","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Silva, E.F.F.D. (2013). Transparent Photochemistry: Infrared Photosensitizers and Singlet Oxygen Microscopy, Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201200351","article-title":"Stable synthetic bacteriochlorins for photodynamic therapy: Role of dicyano peripheral groups, central metal substitution (2H, Zn, Pd), and Cremophor EL delivery","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1021\/ja046210j","article-title":"The microenvironment effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species by Pd\u2212 bacteriopheophorbide","volume":"127","author":"Weiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8027","DOI":"10.1021\/jp900580e","article-title":"Photocatalytic Generation of Oxygen Radicals by the Water-Soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivative WST11, Noncovalently Bound to Serum Albumin","volume":"113","author":"Ashur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madar-Balakirski, N., Tempel-Brami, C., Kalchenko, V., Brenner, O., Varon, D., Scherz, A., and Salomon, Y. (2010). Permanent occlusion of feeding arteries and draining veins in solid mouse tumors by vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with Tookad. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010282"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucelik, B., Paczy\u0144ski, R., Dubin, G., Pereira, M.M., Arnaut, L.G., and D\u0105browski, J.M. (2017). Properties of halogenated and sulfonated porphyrins relevant for the selection of photosensitizers in anticancer and antimicrobial therapies. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185984"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moan, J., Berg, K., Kvam, E., Western, A., Malik, Z., R\u00fcck, A., and Schneckenburger, H. (2007). Intracellular localization of photosensitizers. Ciba Foundation Symposium 146-Photosensitizing Compounds: Their Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Use: Photosensitizing Compounds: Their Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Use: Ciba Foundation Symposium 146, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470513842.ch7"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jpp.331","article-title":"Intracellular sites of photodamage as a factor in apoptotic cell death","volume":"5","author":"Kessel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp50181g","article-title":"The influence of Pluronics nanovehicles on dark cytotoxicity, photocytotoxicity and localization of four model photosensitizers in cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Sobczynski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"342","article-title":"WST11, A Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivative; Cellular Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Activity Using Melanoma Tumors as a Model","volume":"81","author":"Mazor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)075<0140:IVAIVE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Photofrin\u00ae and Pheophorbide a, a Bacteriochlorin, in Photodynamic Therapy of Colonic Cancer Cells","volume":"75","author":"Hajri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-008-0620-9","article-title":"Effect of drug\u2013light interval on the mode of action of Photofrin photodynamic therapy in a mouse tumor model","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600864","article-title":"Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation","volume":"88","author":"Gollnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.1.34","article-title":"Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Evans","year":"1990","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3904","article-title":"Altered expression of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as a result of photodynamic therapy in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Gollnick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6579","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1580","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy causes cross-linking of signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins and attenuation of interleukin-6 cytokine responsiveness in epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.04.001","article-title":"Interleukin 15 as a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Jakobisiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1359","article-title":"Interleukin-15 rescues tolerant CD8+ T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy of established tumors","volume":"12","author":"Teague","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8262-6","article-title":"Interleukin 10 in the tumor microenvironment: A target for anticancer immunotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 stimulates tumor necrosis and recruitment of macrophages into tumors in tumor-bearing nude mice: Increased granulocyte and macrophage progenitors in murine bone marrow","volume":"23","author":"Hoshino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-486217","article-title":"Mast cell and macrophage chemokines CXCL1\/CXCL2 control the early stage of neutrophil recruitment during tissue inflammation","volume":"121","author":"Dudeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1778","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy enhancement of antitumor immunity is regulated by neutrophils","volume":"67","author":"Kousis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.11.007","article-title":"CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11\/CXCR3 axis for immune activation\u2013a target for novel cancer therapy","volume":"63","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2013-2831","article-title":"Induction of CXCL9\/Mig expression in the tumor microenvironment promotes protective antitumor immune responses","volume":"73","author":"Gorbachev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"275","article-title":"The role of photosensitized macrophages in photodynamic therapy","volume":"26","author":"Czuba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5633","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0604","article-title":"Mechanistic investigation and implications of photodynamic therapy induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer","volume":"66","author":"Solban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:43:37Z","timestamp":1760190217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]}}}