{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:00:34Z","timestamp":1773280834704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is essential to study the effect of potential co-factors on the risk of death in patients infected by COVID-19. The identification of risk factors is important to allow more efficient public health and health services strategic interventions with a significant impact on deaths by COVID-19. This study aimed to identify factors associated with COVID-19 deaths in Portugal. Methods: A national dataset with the first 20,293 patients infected with COVID-19 between 1 January and 21 April 2020 was analyzed. The primary outcome measure was mortality by COVID-19, measured (registered and confirmed) by Medical Doctors serving as health delegates on the daily death registry. A logistic regression model using a generalized linear model was used for estimating Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for each potential risk indicator. Results: A total of 502 infected patients died of COVID-19. The risk factors for increased odds of death by COVID-19 were: sex (male: OR = 1.47, ref = female), age ((56\u201360) years, OR = 6.01; (61\u201365) years, OR = 10.5; (66\u201370) years, OR = 20.4; (71\u201375) years, OR = 34; (76\u201380) years, OR = 50.9; (81\u201385) years, OR = 70.7; (86\u201390) years, OR = 83.2; (91\u201395) years, OR = 91.8; (96\u2013104) years, OR = 140.2, ref = (0\u201355)), Cardiac disease (OR = 2.86), Kidney disorder (OR = 2.95), and Neuromuscular disorder (OR = 1.58), while condition (None (absence of precondition); OR = 0.49) was associated with a reduced chance of dying after adjusting for other variables of interest. Conclusions: Besides age and sex, preconditions justify the risk difference in mortality by COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Role of Health Preconditions on COVID-19 Deaths in Portugal: Evidence from Surveillance Data of the First 20293 Infection Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Jorge","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPSP\u2014Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomatem\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISBE\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Baseada na Evid\u00eancia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7084-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UEPID\u2014Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ESEL\u2014Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Polo Calouste Gulbenkian Avenida Prof Egas Moniz, 1600-190 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CRC-W\u2014Cat\u00f3lica Research Centre for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ruy M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomatem\u00e1tica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPSP\u2014Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UEPID\u2014Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Bacelar Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPSP\u2014Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Camarinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEPID\u2014Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEPID\u2014Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEPID\u2014Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Vaz Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPSP\u2014Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISBE\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade Baseada na Evid\u00eancia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Cochrane Portugal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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