{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:16:04Z","timestamp":1773188164844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/FIS-OPT\/0677\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/FIS-OPT\/0677\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in retinal activity during orthokeratology (OK) treatment in 20 myopic eyes. Pattern electroretinography (PERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) were assessed with the RETI-port\/scan21 (Roland Consult, Wiesbaden, Germany). Measurements were taken at baseline (BL) and 1 night (1N), 15 nights (15N), 30 nights (30N), and 60 nights (60N) of OK lens wear. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Friedman test were used. Twenty eyes (23.20 \u00b1 3.46 years, 70% female) with visual acuity \u2264 0.00 logMAR in post-treatment showed that despite a slight increase in retinal and cortical response amplitude, observed with both PERG and VEP, respectively, immediately after the initial treatment, these differences found were not statistically significant during the 60 days of OK treatment, despite a statistically significant increase in N95 response with PERG. This shows that retinal and cortical visual-related electrical activity is maintained or slightly increased during OK treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T13:00:18Z","timestamp":1597410018000},"page":"2649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Retinal Response of Low Myopes during Orthokeratology Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1045-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana F.","family":"Pereira-da-Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8716-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim-de-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo R. B.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical &amp; Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, School of Science, University of Minho, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000505","article-title":"Orthokeratology for myopia control: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Si","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000219","article-title":"The safety of orthokeratology\u2014A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0680","article-title":"The effects of overnight orthokeratology lens wear on corneal thickness","volume":"44","author":"Alharbi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181da8628","article-title":"Local steepening in peripheral corneal curvature after corneal refractive therapy and LASIK","volume":"87","author":"Jorge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5485","article-title":"Influence of overnight orthokeratology on axial elongation in childhood myopia","volume":"52","author":"Kakita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318232e32d","article-title":"Anterior and posterior corneal elevation after orthokeratology and standard and customized LASIK surgery","volume":"37","author":"Jorge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0106-1","article-title":"Relative peripheral refraction across 4 meridians after orthokeratology and LASIK surgery","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1009634","article-title":"Changes in Peripheral Refractive Profile after Orthokeratology for Different Degrees of Myopia","volume":"41","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1116585","article-title":"Astigmatic Peripheral Defocus with Different Contact Lenses: Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.7.075011","article-title":"Morphology, topography, and optics of the orthokeratology cornea","volume":"21","author":"Belsue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d951f7","article-title":"Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Patients After Orthokeratology","volume":"87","author":"Jorge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14524","article-title":"Axial eye growth and refractive error development can be modified by exposing the peripheral retina to relative myopic or hyperopic defocus","volume":"55","author":"Nour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0445","article-title":"Peripheral vision can influence eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1264","article-title":"Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9053-1","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical pattern electroretinography\u20142007 update","volume":"114","author":"Holder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9553-y","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials: (2016 update)","volume":"133","author":"Odom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2844","article-title":"Multifocal electroretinogram in myopia","volume":"37","author":"Kawabata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.030","article-title":"Delayed mfERG responses in myopia","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12159","article-title":"Correlation of structural and electrophysiological changes in the retina of young high myopes","volume":"34","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.11.030","article-title":"Features of the multifocal electroretinogram may predict the rate of myopia progression in children","volume":"114","author":"Luu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"521","article-title":"The effect of eye shape on retinal responses","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00097.x","article-title":"Variation of multifocal electroretinogram with axial length","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"31","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00374.x","article-title":"Non-contact tonometry synchronized with cardiac rhythm and its relationship with blood pressure","volume":"26","author":"Fernandes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00520.x","article-title":"The relationship between the treatment zone diameter and visual, optical and subjective performance in Corneal Refractive Therapy lens wearers","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09722-6","article-title":"Impact of contact lens materials on the mfERG response of the human retina","volume":"140","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.01.004","article-title":"Optical models for human myopic eyes","volume":"46","author":"Atchison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09671-0","article-title":"Little effect of 0.01% atropine eye drops as used in myopia prevention on the pattern electroretinogram","volume":"138","author":"Anders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198207000-00002","article-title":"Blur-induced changes in the visual evoked potential","volume":"59","author":"Berman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(87)90045-1","article-title":"The effect of blur and contrast of VEP latency: Comparison between check and sinusoidal grating patterns","volume":"68","author":"Bobak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Evoked Potentials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90009-4","article-title":"Induced refractive errors and pattern electroretinograms and pattern visual evoked potentials: Implications for clinical assessments","volume":"92","author":"Bartel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Evoked Potentials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000018415.00285.56","article-title":"Different effect of dioptric defocus vs. light scatter on the Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG)","volume":"108","author":"Bach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9289-7","article-title":"Short-duration transient visual evoked potential for objective measurement of refractive errors","volume":"123","author":"Anand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026282425885","article-title":"Influence of axial length of normal eyes on PERG","volume":"107","author":"Hidajat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90079-5","article-title":"The effect of stimulus contrast on the latency and amplitude of the pattern electroretinogram","volume":"29","author":"Thompson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"293","article-title":"Effects of pupil diameter and luminance changes on pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials","volume":"2","author":"Tobimatsu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.05.008","article-title":"Effect of high-order aberrations on pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials","volume":"161","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vis. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:01:10Z","timestamp":1760176870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9082649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9082649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]}}}