{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:06:45Z","timestamp":1776362805052,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]],"date-time":"2018-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is significant work published in recent years about natural fibres polymeric composites. Most of the studies are about the characterization of natural fibres and their comparison with conventional composites regarding mechanical behaviour and application performance. There are dozens of types of natural fibres with different properties influencing their use, or not, in specific industrial applications. The natural origin of these materials causes, in general, a wide range of variations in properties depending mainly on the harvesting location and conditions, making it difficult to select the appropriate fibre for a specific application. In this paper, a comprehensive review about the properties of natural fibres used as composite materials reinforcement is presented, aiming to map where each type of fibre is positioned in several properties. Recent published work on emergent types of fibres is also reviewed. A bibliometric study regarding applications of natural fibres composites is presented. A prospective analysis about the future trends of natural fibres applications and the required developments to broaden their applications is also presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs2040066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":636,"title":["Natural Fibre Composites and Their Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Pe\u00e7as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hafiz","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.64.7323","article-title":"Environment friendly composite materials","volume":"64","author":"Mitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Def. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, A., Misra, M., and Drzal, L. (2005). Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203508206"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.10.014","article-title":"Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications","volume":"56","author":"Dicker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL-Oqla, F.M., and Salit, M.S. (2017). Material selection of natural fiber composites. Materials Selection for Natural Fiber Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100958-1.00005-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar, M., Alagirusamy, R., and Das, A. (2018). Advances in Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing: Effect of Interface and Hybrid Yarn Structure on Composite Properties. Advances in Natural Fibre Composites, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64641-1_10"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998312440737","article-title":"Modelling the effect of yarn twist on the tensile strength of unidirectional plant fibre yarn composites","volume":"47","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, P. (2007). Fiber-Reinforced Composites, CRC Press. Dekker Mechanical Engineering.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005981"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-006-9010-2","article-title":"Development of Flax Fibre based Textile Reinforcements for Composite Applications","volume":"13","author":"Goutianos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erden, S., and Ho, K. (2017). Fiber reinforced composites. Fiber Technology for Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101871-2.00003-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.10.050","article-title":"Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: Feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry","volume":"66","author":"Sapuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/243947","article-title":"A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications","volume":"2015","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dubrovski, P. (2010). Composites Based on Natural Fibre Fabrics. Woven Fabric Engineering, InTech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.08.038","article-title":"A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance","volume":"83","author":"Pickering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012005","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/116\/1\/012005","article-title":"The behavior of delaminations in composite materials\u2014Experimental results","volume":"116","author":"Chermoshentseva","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"M\u00fcssig, J. (2010). Series Preface, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.01.019","article-title":"Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blends","volume":"49","author":"Imre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Niaounakis, M. (2014). Biopolymers: Processing and Products, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mattew, A., and Bell, R. (2016, January 23\u201325). Dupont\u2019s renewably sourced high performance polymers. Proceedings of the SPE ANTEC, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012020","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/314\/1\/012020","article-title":"Review of natural fiber composites","volume":"314","author":"Rohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bleys, G. (2015). Technology Watch: Biopolymers, Essenscia Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muniyasamy, S., Muniyasamy, S., John, M.J., and John, M.J. (2017). Biodegradability of Biobased Polymeric Materials in Natural Environments. Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119441632.ch104"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2018, September 01). ISO\/TC61\/SC14 ISO 17088:2012. Available online: www.iso.org\/standard\/57901.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2018, September 01). ISO\/TC61\/SC14 ISO 16620:2015. Available online: www.iso.org\/standard\/63766.html."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2018, September 01). ISO\/TC61\/SC14 ISO 14852:2018. Available online: www.iso.org\/standard\/72051.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Institut f\u00fcr Biokunststoffe und Bioverbundwerkstoffe (IfBB) (2016). Biopolymers\u2014Facts and Statictics, IfBB."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Carus, M. (2013, January 10\u201311). Market Study on Bio-Based Polymers in the World. Capacities, Production and Applications: Status Quo and Trends Towards 2020. Proceedings of the Fifth German WPC Conference, Cologne, Germany."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.07.004","article-title":"Green composites: A review of adequate materials for automotive applications","volume":"44","author":"Koronis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, G.F. (2010). New developments in producing more functional and sustainable composites. Management, Recycling and Reuse of Waste Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845697662.4.425"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, S.J. (2010). Thermal methods for recycling waste composites. Management, Recycling and Reuse of Waste Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845697662.2.65"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, N., and Pharaoh, M. (2010). An introduction to composites recycling. Management, Recycling and Reuse of Waste Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845697662.1.3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2015.07.264","article-title":"Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural\u2014Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Sanjay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharath, K.N., and Basavarajappa, S. (2016). Applications of biocomposite materials based on natural fibers from renewable resources: A review. Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 23.","DOI":"10.1515\/secm-2014-0088"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites","volume":"4","author":"Aditya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2018, September 01). Cordis Cordis. Available online: Cordis.europa.eu\/news\/rcn\/13445_en.html."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kazan-Allen, L. (2006). Asbestos\u2014The Human Cost of Corporate Greed, European Parliamentary Group."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.11.019","article-title":"Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure","volume":"43","author":"Dittenber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-011-0389-y","article-title":"Biopolymers Based Green Composites: Mechanical, Thermal and Physico-chemical Characterization","volume":"20","author":"Thakur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/941627","article-title":"Saccaharum Cilliare Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites","volume":"5","author":"Singha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1080\/03602551003682067","article-title":"Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Natural Fibers\/Polymer Biocomposites","volume":"49","author":"Thakur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/03602550902725498","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of H. sabdariffa Fiber-Reinforced Green Polymer Composites","volume":"48","author":"Singha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5604\/12303666.1167413","article-title":"Material Characterization of Roselle Fibre (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as Potential Reinforcement Material for Polymer Composites","volume":"23","author":"Nadlene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998315570141","article-title":"Effect of the type of fiber (coconut, eucalyptus, or pine) and compatibilizer on the properties of extruded composites of recycled high density polyethylene","volume":"50","author":"Naldony","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huda, M.S., Drzal, L.T., Ray, D., Mohanty, A.K., and Mishra, M. (2008). Natural-fiber composites in the automotive sector. Properties and Performance of Natural-Fibre Composites, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845694593.2.221"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2009.04.014","article-title":"Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications","volume":"40","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Faruk, O., and Sain, M. (2014). Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.144","article-title":"Application of Life Cycle Engineering Approach to Assess the Pertinence of Using Natural Fibers in Composites\u2014The Rocker Case Study","volume":"48","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.10.001","article-title":"Critical factors on manufacturing processes of natural fibre composites","volume":"43","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H. (2014). Biotechnology of Lignocellulose, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6898-7"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, D., and Jain, S. (2016). Green Approaches to Biocomposite Materials Science and Engineering. Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering, IGI Global Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-0424-5"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasababu, N. (2015). Manufacturing of Long Puchika Grass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites: Assessment Under Mechanical and Dielectric Loading. Manufacturing of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07944-8_10"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Praful, P., and Lanjewar, N.P.A. (2017). Review paper on design and modeling of multipurpose fiber extracting machine. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Hodzic, A., and Shanks, R. (2014). Natural Fibre Composites: Materials, Processes and Properties, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franck, R.R. (2005). Bast and Other Plant Fibres, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845690618"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.04.053","article-title":"Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: An overview","volume":"43","author":"Kabir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.01.010","article-title":"A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites","volume":"42","author":"Ku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2018.07.001","article-title":"Extraction and refinement of agricultural plant fibers for composites manufacturing","volume":"21","author":"Bousfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todor, M.P., Bulei, C., Heput, T., and Kiss, I. (2018). Researches on the development of new composite materials complete\/partially biodegradable using natural textile fibers of new vegetable origin and those recovered from textile waste. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 294.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/294\/1\/012021"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.06.015","article-title":"Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: A review","volume":"42","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.05.009","article-title":"Processing bamboo for structural composites: Influence of preservative treatments on surface and interface properties","volume":"85","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Slaven, D.K.L., and Vaidya, U. (2017). Biobased Bamboo Composite Development\u2014Resource Fiber Phase I Summary Report, Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2018, August 15). Anonymous Future Fibres\u2014Coir. Available online: www.fao.org\/economic\/futurefibres\/fibres\/coir\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"263","article-title":"Coir fibre reinforcement and application in polymer composites: A review","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadzullah, S.H.S.M., and Mustafa, Z. (2016). Fabrication and Processing of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Composites, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch035"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083707087835","article-title":"Identification of Ramie Single Fiber Surface Topography Influenced by Solvent-Based Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Marsyahyo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cotton fiber nonwovens for automotive composites","volume":"14","author":"Kamath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Nonwovens J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.02.006","article-title":"Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. Part I: Source, production, morphology, properties and applications","volume":"38","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Fuentealba, C., Montory, J.S., Vega-Lara, J., and Norambuena-Contreras, J. (2016, January 13\u201315). New Biobased composite material using bark fibres Eucalyptus. Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composite Symposium, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"43","article-title":"A Review\u2014Future Aspect of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite","volume":"7","author":"Rohit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Renew. Resour."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Carus, M. (2017). The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, Processing and Applications for Fibres, Shivs, Seeds and Flowers, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA)."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.11.021","article-title":"Treatment of banana fiber for use in the reinforcement of polymeric matrices","volume":"46","author":"Angulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510391698","article-title":"Effect of different extraction methods on fiber quality of nettle (Urtica dioica L.)","volume":"81","author":"Bacci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Natural fiber polymer composites: A review","volume":"18","author":"Saheb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(00)00101-9","article-title":"Sisal fibre and its composites: A review of recent developments","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J395v01n02_04","article-title":"A Review on Natural Fibre-Based Composites\u2014Part I","volume":"1","author":"Biagiotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J395v01n03_03","article-title":"A Review on Natural Fibre-Based Composites\u2014Part II","volume":"1","author":"Puglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.05.020","article-title":"A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 2\u2014Composites","volume":"41","author":"Summerscales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.01.017","article-title":"Green composites: A brief review","volume":"42","author":"Morreale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.08.014","article-title":"Flax fibre and its composites\u2014A review","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.06.007","article-title":"A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives","volume":"77","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.18782\/2320-7051.5876","article-title":"Natural Fibre Composites\u2014An Opportunity for Farmers","volume":"5","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.094","article-title":"Plant fibre based bio-composites: Sustainable and renewable green materials","volume":"79","author":"Ramesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Moigne, N., Otazaghine, B., Corn, S., Angellier-Coussy, H., and Bergeret, A. (2018). Modification of the Interface\/Interphase in Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: Treatments and Processes. Surf. Interfaces Nat. Fibre Reinf. Compos., 35\u201370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71410-3_3"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Azam, A., Khubab, S., Nawab, Y., Madiha, J., and Hussain, T. (2016). Hydrophobic treatment of natural fibers and their composites\u2014A review. J. Ind. Text., 1\u201331."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrero, F., and Periolatto, M. (2015). Modification of Surface Energy and Wetting of Textile Fibers. Wetting and Wettability, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/60812"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sood, M., and Dwivedi, G. (2017). Effect of fiber treatment on flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced composites: A review. Egypt. J. Pet.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2017.11.005"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012035","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/368\/1\/012035","article-title":"The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin","volume":"368","author":"Zin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Kabir, M.M., Wang, H., Aravinthan, T., Cardona, F., and Lau, K.-T. (2011). Effects of Natural Fibre Surface on Composite Properties: A Review. Energy Environ. Sustain., 94\u201399."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.132","article-title":"A review on new bio-based constituents for natural fiber-polymer composites","volume":"149","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar, V.L.P., Le\u00e3o, A.L., Rosa, D.S., Gomez, J.G.C., and Alli, R.C.P. (2011). Biodegradation of Coir and Sisal Applied in the Automotive Industry. J. Polym. Environ.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-011-0315-3"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faruk, O., Bledzki, A.K., Fink, H.-P., and Sain, M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000\u20132010. Prog. Polym. Sci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witayakran, S., Smitthipong, W., Wangpradid, R., Chollakup, R., and Clouston, P.L. (2017). Natural Fiber Composites: Review of Recent Automotive Trends. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.04180-1"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Nations, U. (2018, September 26). Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: Sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/?menu=1300."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Muessig, J. (2002, January 10\u201311). Influence of fiber fineness on the properties of natural fiber composites. Proceedings of the 4th International Wood and Natural Fiber Composites Symposium, Kassel, Germany."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Pollitt, E. (2018, July 11). Automotive Composites. Available online: www.globalhemp.com\/2011\/02\/automotive-composites.html."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carus, M., Eder, A., Dammer, L., Korte, H., Scholz, L., Essel, R., Breitmayer, E., and Barth, M. (2015). Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) and Natural Fibre Composites (NFC): European and Global Markets 2012 and Future Trends in Automotive and Construction, Nova-Institute.","DOI":"10.52548\/THSZ9515"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2012). Unlocking the Commercial Potential of Natural Fibres, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-006-0234-2","article-title":"Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications","volume":"58","author":"Holbery","year":"2006","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramdhonee, A., and Jeetah, P. (2017). Production of wrapping paper from banana fibres. J. Environ. Chem. Eng.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.08.011"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008, January 20). Common Fund for Commodities. Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Fibres, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, T.-D. (2018). Natural Fibers for Sustainable Bio-Composites. Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.71012"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Lucintel (2011). Opportunities in Natural Fiber Composites, Lucintel."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Dammer, L., Carus, M., Iffland, K., Piotrowski, S., Sarmento, L., Chinthapalli, R., and Raschka, A. (2017). Current Situation and Trends of the Bio-Based Industries in Europe with a Focus on Bio-Based Materials, Nova-Institute GmbH."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/2\/4\/66\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:36:02Z","timestamp":1775277362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/2\/4\/66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs2040066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs2040066","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-477X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,17]]}}}