{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1773023515767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal Incentive System for Research and Technological Development, Project in Co-Promotion","award":["039479\/2019 (Factory of the Future: Smart Manufacturing)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["039479\/2019 (Factory of the Future: Smart Manufacturing)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing complexity of printed circuit boards (PCBs) due to miniaturization, increased the density of electronic components, and demanding thermal management during the assembly triggered the research of innovative solder pastes and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs). Current commercial ECAs are typically based on epoxy matrices with a high load (&gt;60%) of silver particles, generally in the form of microflakes. The present work reports the production of ECAs based on epoxy\/carbon nanomaterials using carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled) and exfoliated graphite, as well as hybrid compositions, within a range of concentrations. The composites were tested for morphology (dispersion of the conductive nanomaterials), electrical and thermal conductivity, rheological characteristics and deposition on a test PCB. Finally, the ECA\u2019s shelf life was assessed by mixing all the components and conductive nanomaterials, and evaluating the cure of the resin before and after freezing for a time range up to nine months. The ECAs produced could be stored at \u221218 \u00b0C without affecting the cure reaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs4030105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mixed Carbon Nanomaterial\/Epoxy Resin for Electrically Conductive Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1090-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo E.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pol\u00edmeros e Comp\u00f3sitos (IPC), Universidade do Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pol\u00edmeros e Comp\u00f3sitos (IPC), Universidade do Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loic","family":"Hilliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pol\u00edmeros e Comp\u00f3sitos (IPC), Universidade do Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF Dresden), Hohe Str 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"P\u00f6tschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF Dresden), Hohe Str 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CM\/MFT3 Bosch, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CM\/MFT3 Bosch, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lepleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concept Scientific Instruments (CSI), 1 Terre de Feu, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concept Scientific Instruments (CSI), 1 Terre de Feu, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pol\u00edmeros e Comp\u00f3sitos (IPC), Universidade do Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110168","article-title":"Electronics without lead","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-014-2440-y","article-title":"Highly electrically conductive adhesives using silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-decorated graphene: The effect of NPs sintering on the electrical conductivity improvement","volume":"26","author":"Amoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. (2008). 17\u2014Adhesive bonding. Microjoining and Nanojoining, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845694043"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc00572k","article-title":"Printed electrically conductive composites: Conductive filler designs and surface engineering","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.46.2276","article-title":"Electrical Characteristics of a New Class of Conductive Adhesive","volume":"46","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20048","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm33280a","article-title":"Thiocarboxylate functionalization of silver nanoparticles: Effect of chain length on the electrical conductivity of nanoparticles and their polymer composites","volume":"22","author":"Amoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032003","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/aac055","article-title":"Electrical percolation in graphene\u2013polymer composites","volume":"5","author":"Marsden","year":"2018","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2019.1595890","article-title":"Mechanically robust, electrically and thermally conductive graphene-based epoxy adhesives","volume":"33","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2014.09.016","article-title":"Facile preparation, characterization and performance of noncovalently functionalized graphene\/epoxy nanocomposites with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.04.081","article-title":"Electrically conductive functionalized-GNP\/epoxy based composites: From nanocomposite to multiscale glass fibre composite material","volume":"98","author":"Moriche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102596","article-title":"A review on epoxy-based electrically conductive adhesives","volume":"99","author":"Aradhana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2357580","article-title":"Effect of single-walled carbon nanotube purity on the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube-based composites","volume":"89","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, E., Proen\u00e7a, F., Pereira, G., Fernandes, M.J., Young, R.J., Struty\u0144ski, K., Melle-Franco, M., Gonzalez-Debs, M., Lopes, P.E., and Paiva, M.C. (2018). Water Dispersible Few-Layer Graphene Stabilized by a Novel Pyrene Derivative at Micromolar Concentration. Nanomaterial, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0054.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.02.008","article-title":"Thermally reduced graphene oxide acting as a trap for multiwall carbon nanotubes in bi-filler epoxy composites","volume":"49","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0527773","article-title":"Surface Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles for Ultrahigh Conductive Polymer Composites","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/4\/3\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1760176420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/4\/3\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs4030105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs4030105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-477X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}}}