{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:43:59Z","timestamp":1760233439923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acidic beverages on the mechanical characteristics of a nanofilled composite resin and of a glass ionomer. Thirty specimens of each restorative material were produced and were evaluated at three different time points: before immersion (T0), after a 7 day immersion (T1) and after a 14 day immersion (T2) in water, beer and a soft drink. The studied parameters were microhardness and surface roughness. At T2, composite resin and glass ionomer specimens immersed in water, beer and the soft drink showed a statistically significant decrease in microhardness compared to T0 results. The surface roughness of composite resin specimens decreased between T0 and T1\/T2 after immersion in beer and soft drink. A statistically significant increase was found between the roughness of glass ionomer specimens immersed in each one of the beverages at T0 and T1\/T2. It is essential that clinicians are aware not only of available restorative materials, its characteristics and best handling techniques but also of the importance of performing an adequate assessment of patients\u2019 dietary habits, thus making it possible to offer patients quality treatments with a predictable prognosis and longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1610947054000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mechanical Characterization of Two Dental Restorative Materials after Acidic Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Marto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Marques","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Itecons\u2014Institute of Research and Technological Development in Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Rua Pedro Hispano, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/jdrr.jdrr_50_18","article-title":"Effect of artificial aging environment and time on mechanical properties of composite materials","volume":"5","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411950060040301","article-title":"Current trends in dental composites","volume":"6","author":"Ferracane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(96)00086-3","article-title":"Determination of leachable components from four commercial dental composites by gas and liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Spahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-383","article-title":"Effect of alcoholic beverages on surface roughness and microhardness of dental composites","volume":"35","author":"Vitti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(02)00083-0","article-title":"Sorption and solubility of resin-based restorative dental materials","volume":"31","author":"Toledano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000200013","article-title":"Color stability, surface roughness and microhardness of composites submitted to mouthrinsing action","volume":"20","author":"Festuccia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2341\/10-356-L","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of surface roughness and microhardness of restorative materials submitted to erosive challenges","volume":"36","author":"Briso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2341\/04-155","article-title":"Effect of polishing techniques and time on surface roughness, hardness and microleakage of resin composite restorations","volume":"31","author":"Venturini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572010000600009","article-title":"Effect of chemical degradation followed by toothbrushing on the surface roughness of restorative composites","volume":"18","author":"Voltarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.859727","article-title":"Prevalence of dental erosion and association with lifestyle factors in Swedish 20-year olds","volume":"72","author":"Isaksson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"223","article-title":"Does Acid Challenge Affect the Properties and Bond Stability of Restorative Materials on Primary Teeth?","volume":"20","author":"Tedesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2008). ISO 4287:1997 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile Method\u2014Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters, International Standard Organization, Technical Commitee. ASME B2046.2001."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Thobity, A.M., Gad, M.M., Farooq, I., Alshahrani, A.S., and Al-Dulaijan, Y.A. (2020). Acid Effects on the Physical Properties of Different CAD\/CAM Ceramic Materials: An in Vitro Analysis. J. Prosthodont.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13232"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0820245","article-title":"Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks: A case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2005.06.003","article-title":"Effect of acidic food and drinks on surface hardness of enamel, dentine, and tooth-coloured filling materials","volume":"34","author":"Wongkhantee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e13","article-title":"Effect of artificial aging on the surface roughness and microhardness of resin-based materials","volume":"64","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2007.00295.x","article-title":"Effects of 6 months of aging in water on hardness and surface roughness of two microhybrid dental composites","volume":"17","author":"Marimon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"233","article-title":"Sports drinks and dental erosion","volume":"39","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"385","article-title":"Effect of three different acidic beverages on surface characteristics of composite resin restorative materials","volume":"14","author":"Bayindir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.19177\/jrd.v2e32014269-276","article-title":"Effect of two different commonly available energy drinks on surface micro hardness of tooth color restorative materials","volume":"2","author":"Fatima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.141960","article-title":"Erosive potential of cola and orange fruit juice on tooth colored restorative materials","volume":"4","author":"Rajavardhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1536","article-title":"Influence of different staining beverages on color stability, surface roughness and microhardness of silorane and methacrylate-based composite resins","volume":"15","author":"Karaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1503","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness by Common Drinks on Esthetic Restorative Materials and Enamel: An in vitro Study","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.231863","article-title":"Microhardness of different esthetic restorative materials: Evaluation and comparison after exposure to acidic drink","volume":"15","author":"Poggio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630101701","article-title":"Hydrolytic degradation of dental composites","volume":"63","author":"Soderholm","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.10.001","article-title":"Long-term sorption and solubility of bulk-fill and conventional resin-composites in water and artificial saliva","volume":"43","author":"Alshali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/AIR\/2015\/20183","article-title":"Short Term Sorption Effect on three Esthetic Dental Filling Materials in Various Media","volume":"5","author":"Bamise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(84)90039-5","article-title":"Water absorption characteristics of dental microfine composite filling materials","volume":"5","author":"Braden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2341\/10-406-L","article-title":"Effect of chemical and mechanical degradation on surface roughness of three glass ionomers and a nanofilled resin composite","volume":"37","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.05.005","article-title":"Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks","volume":"22","author":"Ferracane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"213","article-title":"Influence of different beverages on the microhardness and surface roughness of resin composites","volume":"30","author":"Badra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2341\/08-014-L","article-title":"Effect of a glaze\/composite sealant on the 3-D surface roughness of esthetic restorative materials","volume":"34","author":"Hirata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"562","article-title":"3-D surface profile analysis: Different finishing methods for resin composites","volume":"26","author":"Marigo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0675-8","article-title":"Evaluation of surface characteristics of dental composites using profilometry, scanning electron, atomic force microscopy and gloss-meter","volume":"18","author":"Kakaboura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2000.109635","article-title":"Changes in the mechanical properties and surface texture of compomer immersed in various media","volume":"84","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00042-8","article-title":"Effect of one-year water storage on the surface microhardness of resin-modified versus conventional glass-ionomer cements","volume":"19","author":"Ellakuria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2011.00453.x","article-title":"Effects of Various Beverages on Hardness, Roughness, and Solubility of Esthetic Restorative Materials","volume":"23","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.37.1.uu24059v066508g4","article-title":"Microhardness and surface roughness of glass ionomer cements after APF and TiF4 applications","volume":"37","author":"Cogulu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"ZC117","article-title":"To Analyse the Erosive Potential of Commercially Available Drinks on Dental Enamel and Various Tooth Coloured Restorative Materials\u2014An In-vitro Study","volume":"10","author":"Karda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.371","article-title":"Color stability of resin composites after immersion in different drinks","volume":"25","author":"Ertas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/5\/1\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:11:59Z","timestamp":1760159519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/5\/1\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs5010031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs5010031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-477X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]}}}