{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:28:17Z","timestamp":1772342897968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["45918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of 3D printing has proven to have significant benefits to manufacture components with complex geometries with several types of materials and reinforcements for a wide variety of uses including structural applications. The focus of this study is to develop and implement a thermoplastic pultrusion process that can obtain a carbon fiber\/polypropylene (CF\/PP) filament for a 3D printing process. This development process included the design and finite element analysis of the die used to conform the filament, considering the adaptation of a filament-winding setup to achieve adequate production conditions. The finite element model tried to achieve homogeneous heating of the die with the use of a series of resistors controlled by PID controllers monitoring several thermocouples strategically positioned while the use of water circulating channels was responsible for the cooling effect. The die-heating environment is optimized for different scenarios with different initial temperatures, cooling temperatures, and pulling speeds. A series of experiments were performed under different conditions, such as different heating temperatures and pulling speeds to analyze the quality of the filament produced. The obtained filaments presented an average diameter of 1.94 mm, fiber volume fraction of 43.76%, and void content of 6.97%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5050120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1619904939000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Development of a Pultrusion Die for the Production of Thermoplastic Composite Filaments to Be Used in Additive Manufacture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5136-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute for Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute for Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute for Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Torres","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute for Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.12.026","article-title":"Pultrusion of fibre reinforced thermoplastic pre-impregnated materials","volume":"89","author":"Novo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. 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