{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:26:38Z","timestamp":1767968798312,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhesion between orthodontic brackets and conditioned enamel surfaces is essential for treatment success with fixed appliances. During treatment, enamel demineralization lesions commonly appear although remineralization is possible through fluoride application. Aim: Evaluation of the surface rugosity in bracket rebonding, specifically the influence of fluoride application before the bonding protocol. In total, 30 human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used and divided into three groups. The control group was not submitted to any experimental manipulation; group 1 and 2 were placed in a demineralization solution and group 2 was additionally subjected to a subsequent fluoride application. The surface rugosity was measured at different timings: T0\u2014before bracket bonding; T1\u2014first bracket debonding after composite removal; and T2\u2014second bracket debonding after composite removal. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Student\u2019s t-test were used. Regarding the comparison between groups, at T0 and T1, no statistically significant differences were observed. However, at T2, statistically significant differences were verified between the control group and group 1 for the parameters: Ra (p = 0.0043), Rq (p = 0.0043), Rqmax (p = 0.0043), Rp (p = 0.0087), and Rv (p = 0.026). Regarding the evaluation between time points, in the control group, no statistically significant differences were observed. In group 1, statistically significant results were found between T0 and T1 for the parameters: Rq (p = 0.0451), Rqmax (p = 0.0451), Rp (p = 0.0091), and Rvk (p = 0.0433) and between T1 and T2 for the parameters: Ra (p = 0.0465), Rq (p = 0.0433), Rqmax (p = 0.0433), and Rp (p = 0.0155). In group 2, statistically significant differences were found between T0 and T1 for the parameter Rvk (p = 0.0405). A decrease In surface rugosity was observed during multiple bracket rebonding procedures. Therefore, this study suggests that rebonding procedures alter the enamel surface rugosity. The need for rebonding should be avoided, opting for a more effective and correct first bonding. In the case of multiple rebonding, enamel remineralization maneuvers must be applied to recover the surface, since the results of this study suggest that the application of fluoride prior to bracket adhesion promotes lower surface roughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T02:58:12Z","timestamp":1703645892000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Orthodontic Bracket Rebonding with and without Fluoride: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Travassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana Diogo","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena Prata","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Marto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela Baptista","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry (LACBE\u2013MDP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotecnhology (CIBB), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345550340060801","article-title":"A Simple Method of Increasing the Adhesion of Acrylic Filling Materials to Enamel Surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Buonocore","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. 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Dent."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:42:31Z","timestamp":1760132551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs8010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs8010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-477X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]}}}