{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T14:47:49Z","timestamp":1774018069908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Commission and the National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"European Commission and the National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"European Commission and the National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Commission and the National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}]},{"name":"European Commission and the National Innovation Agency (ANI)","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In additive manufacturing (AM), one of the most popular procedures is material extrusion (MEX). The materials and manufacturing parameters used in this process have a significant impact on a printed product\u2019s quality. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of infill percentage and filament orientation on the mechanical properties of printed structures. For this reason, the characterisation of polylactic acid (PLA) was done numerically using the finite element method and experimentally through mechanical tests. The experiments involved three-point bending and tensile tests. The results showed that mechanical performance is highly dependent on these processing parameters mainly when the infill percentage is less than 100%. The highest elastic modulus was exhibited for structures with filament align at 0\u00b0 and 100% infill, while the lowest one was verified for specimen filament aligned at 0\u00b0 and 30% infill. The results demonstrated that the process parameters have a significant impact on mechanical performance, particularly when the infill percentage is less than 100%. Structures with filament aligned at 0\u00b0 and 100% infill showed the maximum elastic modulus, whereas specimens with filament oriented at 0\u00b0 and 30% infill showed the lowest. The obtained numerical agreement indicated that an inverse method based only on the load\u2013displacement curve can yield an accurate value for this material\u2019s elastic modulus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8020055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T09:43:22Z","timestamp":1706780602000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Numerical and Experimental Characterisation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Processed by Additive Manufacturing (AM): Bending and Tensile Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio A. M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\/UTAD, Departamento de Engenharias, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3633-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos L.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo B.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, IB-S, School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. P. P.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, IB-S, School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa D.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Chaari","family":"Fakher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanics, Modelling and Production Research Laboratory (LA2MP), National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3047, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T-Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia T\u00eaxtil, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quy\u1ec1n","family":"Nguy\u1ec5n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T-Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia T\u00eaxtil, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardan, J. (2020). Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Polymer Composites: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819535-2.00001-6"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Rapid prototyping systems","volume":"113","author":"Ashley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-012-4605-2","article-title":"A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies","volume":"67","author":"Vaezi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.08.275","article-title":"Feasibility Study of Manufacturing Using Rapid Prototyping: FDM Approach","volume":"63","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"102177","article-title":"Fused deposition modeling of thermoplastic elastomeric materials: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"46","author":"Awasthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"102378","article-title":"Fused deposition modelling: Current status, methodology, applications and future prospects","volume":"47","author":"Tambuwala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03332-x","article-title":"A critical review of fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology in manufacturing polylactic acid parts","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Relvas, C. (2022, February 07). O Mundo Da Impress\u00e3o 3d E Do Fabrico Digital, Publind\u00fast. Available online: www.engebook.com."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-03-2020-0043","article-title":"Influence of 3D printing process parameters on the mechanical properties and mass of PLA parts and predictive models","volume":"27","author":"Afonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"598531","article-title":"Characterization and Optimization of Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Manufactured by the Fused Deposition Modelling Process","volume":"2014","author":"Onwubolu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.06.016","article-title":"Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts","volume":"31","author":"Sood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1504\/IJRAPIDM.2015.074809","article-title":"Study of infill print design on production cost-time of 3D printed ABS parts","volume":"5","author":"Baich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rapid Manuf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Harpool, T.D. (2023, January 20). Observing the Effect of Infill Shapes on the Tensile Characteristics of 3D Printed Plastic Parts. Available online: https:\/\/soar.wichita.edu\/handle\/10057\/13504."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.079","article-title":"Experimental Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Processing Parameters: A Design-for-Manufacturing Approach","volume":"10","author":"Alafaghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Behzadnasab, M., and Yousefi, A.A. (2016, January 2\u20135). Effects of 3D printer nozzle head temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of PLA based product. Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar on Polymer Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Johansson, F. (2016). Optimizing Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing for Durability Tensile Properties & Layer Bonding, Blekinge Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.08.066","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on the impact strength of fused filament fabricated (FFF) polylactic acid (PLA) parts","volume":"41","author":"Bardiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"284","article-title":"Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters for improved PLA and ABS 3D printed structures","volume":"3","author":"Abeykoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Light. Mater. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2019). Plastics-Determination of Flexural Properties (Standard No. ISO 178, 2019. DIN EN ISO ISO 178). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/70513.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2012). Plastics-Determination of Tensile Properties, Part 1: General Principles (Standard No. ISO 527-1, 2012. DIN EN ISO 527-1). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/fr\/standard\/56045.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2012). Plastics-Determination of Tensile Properties, Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion Plastics (Standard No. ISO 527-2, 2012. DIN EN ISO 527-2)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.012","article-title":"Stereovision measurements on evaluating the modulus of elasticity of wood by compression tests parallel to the grain","volume":"26","author":"Xavier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gere, J.M., and Goodno, B.J. (2009). Mechanics of Materials, Cengage Learning."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-07940-4","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of raster angle, build orientation, and infill density on the elastic response of 3D printed parts using finite element microstructural modeling and homogenization techniques","volume":"118","author":"Gonabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/2\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:53:00Z","timestamp":1760104380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/2\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs8020055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs8020055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-477X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}