{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:36:40Z","timestamp":1760524600002,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020","UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020","UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multidisciplinary design optimisation (MDO) study of a hybrid rocket launcher is presented, with a focus on quantifying the impact of using composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) as the oxidiser tank. The rocket hybrid propulsion system (RHPS) consists of a combination of solid fuel (paraffin) and liquid oxidiser (NOx). The oxidiser is conventionally stored in metallic vessels. Alternative design concepts involving composite-based pressure vessels are explored that could lead to significant improvements in the overall performance of the rocket. This design choice may potentially affect parameters such as total weight, thrust curve, and maximum altitude achieved. With this eventual impact in mind, structural considerations such as wall thickness for the COPV are integrated into an in-house MDO framework to conceptually optimise a hybrid rocket launcher.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8030109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the Multidisciplinary Design of a Hybrid Rocket Launcher with a Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, No. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Teixeira","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, No. 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, No. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, No. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, No. 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afzal","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, No. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da C\u00e1s, P.L., Veras, C.A., Shynkarenko, O., and Leonardi, R. (2019). A Brazilian space launch system for the small satellite market. Aerospace, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace6110123"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.11.054","article-title":"Cost estimating of commercial smallsat launch vehicles","volume":"155","author":"Drenthe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, S.A., Pedreira, S., and Lacava, P. (2014, January 13\u201317). Characterization of Combustion in a Hybrid Rocket Motor Paraffin-Based. Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Environmental Systems 1, Tucson, Arizona."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.08.022","article-title":"Multidisciplinary modeling and simulation framework for launch vehicle system dynamics and control","volume":"170","author":"Briese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2019.04.019","article-title":"Computational fluid-dynamic modeling of the internal ballistics of paraffin-fueled hybrid rocket","volume":"89","author":"Mungiguerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Khattab, M. (2011). Innovative Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rocket Propulsion. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Politecnico di Milano]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2022.12.045","article-title":"Experimental regression rate profiles of stepped fuel grains in Hybrid Rocket Engines","volume":"204","author":"Glaser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Yamada, G., Afonso, F., Carmo, B., and Suleman, A. (2020, January 25\u201328). Multidisciplinary design optimization framework for the conceptual design of hybrid rockets. Proceedings of the Aerospace Europe Conference (AEC2020), Bordeaux, France."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Morgado, M., Suleman, A., Afonso, F., and Souza, A. (2022, January 9\u201313). Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Framework for the Conceptual Design of Hybrid-Propulsion Suborbital Rockets. Proceedings of the 8th Edition of the 3AF International Conference on Space Propulsion, Estoril, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Souza, A., Morgado, M., Afonso, F., Lau, F., and Suleman, A. (2022, January 5\u20136). On the multidisciplinary analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket launchers. Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the Young Researchers of LAETA, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2020.11.024","article-title":"Utilization of additive manufacturing in hybrid rocket technology: A review","volume":"180","author":"Oztan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalino, L., Masseni, F., and Pastrone, D. (2021). Hybrid rocket engine design optimization at politecnico di torino: A review. Aerospace, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8080226"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A34944","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Reusable Launch Vehicles for Different Propellants and Objectives","volume":"58","author":"Dresia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574436","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5574436","article-title":"Design Optimization and Parameter Analysis of a Hybrid Rocket Motor-Powered Small LEO Launch Vehicle","volume":"2021","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lemmon, E.W., Bell, I.H., Huber, M.L., and McLinden, M.O. (2023). Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sloan, J. (2024, March 01). CompositesWorld. Available online: https:\/\/www.compositesworld.com\/blog\/author\/jeff-sloan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2016.06.036","article-title":"Hybrid rocket propulsion systems for outer planet exploration missions","volume":"128","author":"Jens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2021.106297","article-title":"Progress in research on composite cryogenic propellant tank for large aerospace vehicles","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Zeng, X., Zhang, J., and Sun, H. (2018). Solidification, InTech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2023.110573","article-title":"A review of Type V composite pressure vessels and automated fibre placement based manufacturing","volume":"253","author":"Air","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schonberg, W.P. (2018). Rupture of a cryogenic composite overwrapped pressure vessel following a high-speed particle impact. Aerospace, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace5010020"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684410376330","article-title":"A new method for predicting dome thickness of composite pressure vessels","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"57","article-title":"Path calculation, technology and opportunities in dry fiber winding: A review","volume":"4","author":"Sofi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Manuf. Polym. Compos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1558925020933976","article-title":"Design of winding pattern of filament-wound composite pressure vessel with unequal openings based on non-geodesics","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regassa, Y., Gari, J., and Lemu, H.G. (2022). Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel Design Optimization Using Numerical Method. J. Compos. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6080229"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhala, L., Koutsawa, Y., Karatrantos, A., and Bayreuther, C. (2024). Design of Type-IV Composite Pressure Vessel Based on Comparative Analysis of Numerical Methods for Modeling Type-III Vessels. J. Compos. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8020040"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Barbero, J.E. (2017). Introduction to Composite Materials Design, Third Edition, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3153664","article-title":"Failure Criteria for Unidirectional Fiber Composites","volume":"47","author":"Hashin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(01)00208-1","article-title":"Failure analysis of FRP laminates by means of physically based phenomenological models","volume":"62","author":"Puck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2012.12.001","article-title":"Modeling the inelastic deformation and fracture of polymer composites \u2013 Part II: Smeared crack model","volume":"59","author":"Camanho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2014.03.038","article-title":"Three-dimensional invariant-based failure criteria for fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"55","author":"Camanho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musso, G., Figueiras, I., Goubel, H., Gon\u00e7alves, A., Costa, A.L., Ferreira, B., Azeitona, L., Barata, S., Souza, A., and Afonso, F. (2024). A Multidisciplinary Optimization Framework for Ecodesign of Reusable Microsatellite Launchers. Aerospace, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace11020126"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-021-01584-6","article-title":"Rocket nozzles: 75 years of research and development","volume":"46","author":"Khare","year":"2021","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2514\/2.5464","article-title":"Dynamic Modeling of Hybrid Rocket Combustion","volume":"15","author":"Karabeyoglu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gordon, S., and McBride, J. (2024, March 01). Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications. NASA Reference Publication 1311 (1994). Version CEARUN Rev4, Available online: https:\/\/cearun.grc.nasa.gov\/intro.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2007.03.005","article-title":"A continuum damage model for composite laminates: Part I - Constitutive model","volume":"39","author":"Camanho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.107198","article-title":"A three-dimensional plastic-damage model for polymer composite materials","volume":"163","author":"Otero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111210","article-title":"Mesoscale modelling of damage in single- and double-shear composite bolted joints","volume":"226","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2023.117158","article-title":"Micro-mechanical analysis of the effect of ply thickness on curing micro-residual stresses in a carbon \/ epoxy composite laminate","volume":"319","author":"Goncalves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J051895","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Design Optimization: A Survey of Architectures","volume":"51","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J.R., and Ning, A. (2021). Engineering Design Optimization, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108980647"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-012-0763-y","article-title":"Extensions to the design structure matrix for the description of multidisciplinary design, analysis, and optimization processes","volume":"46","author":"Lambe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."}],"container-title":["Journal of Composites Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/3\/109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:57Z","timestamp":1760105757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-477X\/8\/3\/109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcs8030109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs8030109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-477X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-477X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}