{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:51:26Z","timestamp":1773100286610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unstable sandy soils pose significant challenges for buried pipelines due to soil\u2013infrastructure interaction, leading to settlement that increases the risk of displacement and stress-induced fractures. In earthquake-prone regions, seismic-induced ground deformation further threatens underground infrastructure. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional piling materials, addressing durability issues in deep foundations. This paper introduces novel explicit models for predicting the maximum settlement of oil pipelines supported by concrete or polymer micropiles under seismic loading. Using genetic programming (GP), this study develops closed-form expressions based on simplified input parameters\u2014micropile dimensions, pile spacing, soil properties, and peak ground acceleration\u2014improving the models\u2019 practicality for engineering applications. The models were evaluated using a dataset of 610 data points and demonstrated good accuracy across different conditions, achieving coefficients of determination (R2) as high as 0.92, among good values for other evaluation metrics. These findings contribute to a robust, practical tool for mitigating seismic risks in pipeline design, highlighting the potential of FRP micropiles for enhancing infrastructure resilience under challenging geotechnical scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9050207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1745568177000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predicting Seismic-Induced Settlement of Pipelines Buried in Sandy Soil Reinforced with Concrete and FRP Micropiles: A Genetic Programming Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duaa","family":"Al-Jeznawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musab Aied Qissab","family":"Al-Janabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith","family":"Sadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering and Construction Management, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe Almeida","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Miguel de Almeida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2006.10.014","article-title":"Serviceability of Earthquake-Damaged Water Systems: Effects of Electrical Power Availability and Power Backup Systems on System Vulnerability","volume":"93","author":"Adachi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reliab. 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