{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:53:37Z","timestamp":1776077617927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the potential of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as an alternative activator for ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to reduce reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in mortar production. A series of OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders were prepared and evaluated for their fresh and mechanical properties over various curing periods. The findings showed that mortars\u2019 fresh and mechanical characteristics were significantly improved with longer curing times, suggesting CCR\u2019s potential to efficiently activate GGBS, thereby benefiting the environment and economy. Significant enhancements in compressive strengths were observed after 7 days of curing, with increases of 44%, and 69\u2013144% for OPC and OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively, while the utilization of activated binders led to flexural strength growth compared to three days of curing, with improvements of 70\u2013173% for OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively. Microstructural analyses confirmed accelerated hydration and increased product formation due to CCR\u2019s calcium content. An optimal mix ratio of OPC:GGBS:CCR = 1:1:0.5 demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to OPC mortars after 28 days, highlighting CCR\u2019s potential for sustainable cementitious materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9060301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1749786792000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating the Properties of Composite Cement-Based Mortar Containing High Volumes of GGBS and CCR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3375-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahraa","family":"Jwaida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Preparatory School of Vocational Education Department, Educational Directorate Babylon, Ministry of Education, Babylon 51001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7164-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awad","family":"Jadooe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Karbala 56001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmar","family":"Dulaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kerbala University, Karbala 56001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, Karbala 56001, Iraq"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raid R. A.","family":"Almuhanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kerbala, Karbala 56001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8725-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder Al","family":"Hawesah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre, Wigan & Leigh College, Wigan WN1 1RR, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe Almeida","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Miguel de Almeida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119590","article-title":"Characterization and modeling the flow behavior and compression strength of the cement paste modified with silica nano-size at different temperature conditions","volume":"257","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. 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