{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:24:27Z","timestamp":1776500667590,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of the interaction between silica (nS) and hydroxyapatite (nHap) nanomaterials on the characteristics of unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (GF\/Ep) composite systems is investigated in this work. The goal of the study is to use these nanofillers to improve the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Pultrusion was used to produce hybrid nanocomposites while keeping the GF loading at a consistent 75% by weight. The hybrid nanocomposites were made with a total filler loading of 6 wt.%, including nHap, and a nS loading ranging from 2 to 4 wt.%. The mechanical performance of the composite was greatly improved by the use of these nanofillers. Compared to neat GF\/Ep, hybrid nanocomposites with 6 wt.% combined fillers exhibited increased hardness (14%), tensile strength (25%), interlaminar shear strength (21.3%), and flexural strength (33%). These improvements are attributed to efficient filler dispersion, enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion, and crack propagation resistance. Incorporating 4 wt.% nS alone improved hardness (6%), tensile strength (9%), tensile modulus (21%), interlaminar shear strength (11.4%), flexural strength (12%), and flexural modulus (14%). FTIR analysis indicated Si-O-Si network formation and increased hydrogen bonding, supporting enhanced interfacial interactions. Ultraviolet reflectance measurements showed increased UV reflectivity with nS, especially in hybrid systems, due to synergistic effects. Impact strength also improved, with a notable 11.6% increase observed in the hybrid nanocomposite. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the nanofillers act as secondary reinforcements within the matrix. These hybrid nanocomposites present a promising material choice for various industries, including marine structural applications and automotive components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9070321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:37:21Z","timestamp":1750739841000},"page":"321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhancing the Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Strength of Pultruded ECR\u2013Glass Fiber Composites with Nanofiller-Infused Epoxy Resin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poorna","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Bengaluru 560 098, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravikumar","family":"Venkatarayappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Bengaluru 560 098, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savitha D.","family":"Chandrashekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Bengaluru 560 098, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Raveendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Bengaluru 560 098, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asha P.","family":"Bhaskararao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi, Bengaluru 560 098, India"}]},{"given":"Suresha","family":"Bheemappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru 570 006, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayanand M.","family":"Goudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tontadarya College of Engineering, Gadag 582 101, India"}]},{"given":"Rajashekhar V.","family":"Kurhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot 587 101, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-5758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering College, Mangaluru 575 028, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deesy G.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBio Tec, Department of Civil Engineering& Architecture, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada de Lameiro n\u00ba6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering & Geology, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10948-014-2731-9","article-title":"A study on the insulation of the termination for HTS cable in liquid nitrogen","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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