{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:56:35Z","timestamp":1774054595905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Construct Innovate Technology Centre and Harcourt Technologies Limited (HTL)","award":["CISFC1-23_013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISFC1-23_013"]}]},{"name":"Construct Innovate Technology Centre and Harcourt Technologies Limited (HTL)","award":["13\/RC\/2092_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2092_P2"]}]},{"name":"Ecocem Materials and the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Research Centre in Applied Geosciences","award":["CISFC1-23_013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CISFC1-23_013"]}]},{"name":"Ecocem Materials and the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Research Centre in Applied Geosciences","award":["13\/RC\/2092_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2092_P2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Compos. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is an emerging technology that improves design flexibility and material efficiency in construction. However, widespread adoption of 3DCP requires overcoming key material challenges. These include controlling rheology for pumpability and buildability and achieving sufficient mechanical strength. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of nanoclays (NCs) as a key admixture to address these challenges. The effects of three primary NCs (attapulgite (ATT), bentonite (BEN), and sepiolite (SEP)) on the fresh- and hardened-state properties of printable mortars are systematically analyzed. This review summarize findings on how NCs enhanced thixotropy, yield stress, and cohesion, which are critical for shape retention and the successful printing of multilayered structures. Quantitative analysis reveals that optimized dosages of NCs can increase compressive strength by up to 34% and flexural strength by up to 20%. For enhancing rheology and printability, a dosage of approximately 0.5% by binder weight is often suggested for ATT and SEP. In contrast, BEN can be used at higher replacement levels (up to 20%) to also function as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), though this significantly impacts workability. This review consolidates the current knowledge to provide a clear framework for selecting appropriate NCs and dosages to develop high-performance, reliable, and sustainable materials for 3DCP applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9080449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:59:01Z","timestamp":1755601141000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advancing 3D Printable Concrete with Nanoclays: Rheological and Mechanical Insights for Construction Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Critical Infrastructure, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Construct Innovate, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Critical Infrastructure, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5528-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Critical Infrastructure, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Critical Infrastructure, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Construct Innovate, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2159-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciaran","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Critical Infrastructure, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Construct Innovate, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sika Group (2025, April 18). 3D Concrete Printing. 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