{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:47Z","timestamp":1760146847399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCTO"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cycloplegic refraction is crucial in pediatric eye assessments. While spherical refraction changes due to cycloplegia are well-documented, astigmatic alterations remain unclear. This study assessed the agreement between spherical and astigmatic refraction pre- and post-cycloplegia. Methods: We enrolled 96 patients (mean age: 12.5 \u00b1 2.4 years), including 35 myopes, 30 emmetropes, and 31 hyperopes. Pre- and post-cycloplegia autorefraction and keratometry (Myopia Master) were conducted using 1% cyclopentolate. Ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) was calculated as the difference between refractive and keratometric astigmatism. Astigmatism was analyzed using Fourier analysis (J0 and J45). Results: Cycloplegia resulted in a more positive spherical equivalent (SE) (+0.80 D), with myopes showing the smallest (+0.38 D) and hyperopes showing the highest variation (+1.47 D) in SE. With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism predominated in the refractive and keratometric measurements, while ORA was against-the-rule (ATR). Cycloplegia shifted the refractive J0 (+0.06 D) towards more WTR and decreased ORA J0 (+0.05 D). No effect was observed in the J45 component. About 25% of patients exhibited astigmatism changes above 0.25 D, with refractive J0 variation being positively correlated with accommodation relaxation (0.044 D per D of relaxation). Conclusion: Cycloplegia induces clinically significant changes in the spherical component, but minimal variations in astigmatic components, predominantly in hyperopic eyes, likely reflecting alterations in crystalline lens anatomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcto2040015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T11:17:22Z","timestamp":1734520642000},"page":"181-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refractive Astigmatism Consistency Pre- and Post-Cycloplegia in Pediatric Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Agustin","family":"Pe\u00f1aranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic Vista S\u00e1nchez Tranc\u00f3n, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5808-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Torrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic Vista S\u00e1nchez Tranc\u00f3n, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic Vista S\u00e1nchez Tranc\u00f3n, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic Vista S\u00e1nchez Tranc\u00f3n, 06010 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.2","article-title":"Does the accuracy and repeatability of refractive error estimates depend on the measurement principle of autorefractors?","volume":"10","author":"Padhy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. 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