{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:04:25Z","timestamp":1777521865513,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface properties of composites such as roughness and color impact periodontal health and aesthetic outcomes. Novel bulk-fill composites with improved functionality are being introduced and, in light of the existing variety of finishing\/polishing procedures, research of their surface properties is warranted. Sixty discs were prepared from bulk-fill composites (Filtek\u2122 Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative and Fill-Up\u2122) and incremental-fill Filtek\u2122 Z250. They were further divided according to different polishing procedures (n = 5): three multi-step polishing procedures or finishing with a bur (control). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using an atomic force microscope (The AFM Workshop TT-AFM). A spectrophotometer (Spectroshade Micro Optic) was used to determine color stability, after exposure to a coffee solution. Data were analyzed using two-way MANOVA (significance level of 5%). Resin composite type, polishing procedure, and their interaction had a statistically significant effect on surface roughness (p &lt; 0.001) and color change (p &lt; 0.001). Fill-Up\u2122 exhibited the highest surface roughness and greatest color change. Differences in color change were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). Filtek\u2122 Bulk Fill registered the lowest surface roughness and color change, after the three-step polishing procedure. Both parameters were significantly correlated (\u03c1 = 0.754, p &lt; 0.001) and found to be material dependent and polishing-procedure dependent. Higher surface roughness relates to greater color changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T20:39:29Z","timestamp":1608669569000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Varying the Polishing Protocol Influences the Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8451-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Pinheiro de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio HS","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 NPF, UK"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Quantitative Methods for Health Research (MQIS), CiiEM, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO and LAQV Requimte, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mano Azul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tdj.2015.01.003","article-title":"Degree of conversion and surface hardness of bulk-fill composite versus incremental-fill composite","volume":"12","author":"Abed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tanta Dent. 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