{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:40:46Z","timestamp":1776883246978,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manchester and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the UK","award":["EP\/R01513\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R01513\/1"]}]},{"name":"Global Challenges Research Fund (CRF)","award":["EP\/R01513\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R01513\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of biocompatible and biodegradable porous scaffolds produced via additive manufacturing is one of the most common approaches in tissue engineering. The geometric design of tissue engineering scaffolds (e.g., pore size, pore shape, and pore distribution) has a significant impact on their biological behavior. Fluid flow dynamics are important for understanding blood flow through a porous structure, as they determine the transport of nutrients and oxygen to cells and the flushing of toxic waste. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the scaffold architecture, pore size and distribution on its biological performance using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Different blood flow velocities (BFV) induce wall shear stresses (WSS) on cells. WSS values above 30 mPa are detrimental to their growth. In this study, two scaffold designs were considered: rectangular scaffolds with uniform square pores (300, 350, and 450 \u00b5m), and anatomically designed circular scaffolds with a bone-like structure and pore size gradient (476\u2013979 \u00b5m). The anatomically designed scaffolds provided the best fluid flow conditions, suggesting a 24.21% improvement in the biological performance compared to the rectangular scaffolds. The numerical observations are aligned with those of previously reported biological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13030104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1658978476000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Geometry-Based Computational Fluid Dynamic Model for Predicting the Biological Behavior of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalla M.","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0832-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3855-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Ates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie J.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Zhanyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Wajira","family":"Mirihanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. D. S.","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01329","article-title":"Blood rheology: Key parameters, impact on blood flow, role in sickle cell disease and effects of exercise","volume":"10","author":"Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daskalakis, E., Liu, F., Cooper, G., Weightman, A., Ko\u00e7, B., Blunn, G., and B\u00e1rtolo, P.J. (2021). Bioglasses for Bone Tissue Engineering. 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