{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:05:34Z","timestamp":1760148334403,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDP\/5006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2020","UIDP\/5006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to address the stability of orthodontic mini-implants submitted to an immediate orthodontic functional load, in splinted or unsplinted conditions, further characterizing the histomorphometric parameters of the neighboring bone tissue, in an in vivo experimental model. Mini-implants (1.4 \u00d7 6.0 mm) were placed in the proximal tibia of New Zealand White rabbits and immediately loaded with a 150 g force. Tissue healing was characterized within 8 weeks. Microtomography was used to assess the mini-implants\u2019 tipping and bone histomorphometric indexes. Loaded implants were evaluated in splinted and unsplinted conditions, with data being compared to that of unloaded mini-implants with the Kruskal\u2013Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn\u2019s multiple comparison tests. The splinting of mini-implants submitted to immediate orthodontic loading significantly reduced the tipping to levels similar to those of unloaded mini-implants. Immediate loading further increased the histomorphometric indexes associated with bone formation at the peri-implant region, in both splinted and unsplinted conditions, with no significant differences between the tension and compression regions. Accordingly, within this experimental setting, splinting was found to lessen tipping and mini-implants\u2019 displacement, without affecting the increased bone formation at the peri-implant region, induced by a functional orthodontic load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14050239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:04:08Z","timestamp":1682305448000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Splinting on Orthodontic Mini-Implant Tipping and Bone Histomorphometric Parameters: An In Vivo Animal Model Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Zacharias","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4879-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Zootechnics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro de Sousa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde\/Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, University of Porto, 4100-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Amarante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"Orthodontic anchorage: A systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Feldmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthodont."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2319\/051016-375.1","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of mini-implant and traditional anchorage on patients with maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angle Orthodont."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ebd.6401257","article-title":"Mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"18","author":"Reynders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. 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