{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:00:21Z","timestamp":1760058021883,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}]},{"name":"Optimisation of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD) of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of the University of Extremadura","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}]},{"name":"the Research Vicerectory of Universidad Nacional","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}]},{"name":"Government of Extremadura","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}]},{"name":"the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020","GR21149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Boccia is an attractive and growing adapted sport. For approximately 30 years, this parasport was played together by male and female athletes, a fact that recently changed, to our best knowledge, without scientific support. Hence, this study aimed to analyse the relationship between gender participation and performance in Boccia international-level events. Methods: For data collection, four specific international-level Boccia events between 2012 and 2018 were selected as partials were available in the official competition websites (2708 partials, which represent a total of 32,496 ball throws). Results: We found that partials won by male athletes systematically increased between 2012 and 2018 but tended to stabilize between 2017 and 2018, contrary to females, with a growing trend from 2016 onwards. No differences were observed, considering the players\u2019 gender and the type of partials (adjusted, balanced, and unbalanced) in the Boccia classes BC1, BC2, and BC3. In BC4 differences were found, but with little variance or low association level (Cramer\u2019s Phi coefficient of 0.114). Conclusions: The results emphasize that based on performance, both men and woman can play Boccia together. Although, if the focus of separating genders in Boccia is toward growing and effective female participation and equal success and reward opportunities, this study highlights as a good perspective aiming regular practice of physical activity, exercise, and sport in people with disabilities, promoting their quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T11:11:27Z","timestamp":1741259487000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gender Participation and Performance in Boccia International-Level Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gamonales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C.","family":"Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV-Set\u00fabal), Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2016.1198240","article-title":"A systematic review of review articles addressing factors related to physical activity participation among children and adults with physical disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol. 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