{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T23:10:57Z","timestamp":1769641857939,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario","award":["FPU19\/02017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/02017"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario","award":["EST22\/00498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST22\/00498"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario","award":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Formaci\u00f3n del Profesorado Universitario","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/ and ERDF","award":["FPU19\/02017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/02017"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/ and ERDF","award":["EST22\/00498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST22\/00498"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/ and ERDF","award":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/ and ERDF","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["FPU19\/02017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU19\/02017"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["EST22\/00498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST22\/00498"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-096106-A-I00"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children\u2019s motor competence (MC) was negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, possible chronic effects have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possible impact of the forced lack of physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 lockdown on children\u2019s MC two years later. The motor competence of sixty-seven healthy children (7.4\u201312.2 years old) was assessed using the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA). All participants completed the MCA tests at two different moments (before and after the COVID-19 lockdown), four years apart. The mean values after the COVID-19 lockdown for all participants on the subscales and on the Total MCA are lower, but no significant changes were found when controlling for gender and age (p &gt; 0.05 in all analyses). However, a significant decrease was found in the Locomotor subscale in boys (p = 0.003). After dividing the participants into three age groups, the youngest also suffered a decrease in the Locomotor subscale (p &lt; 0.001) and their Total MCA (p = 0.04). In addition, those participants who had a higher MC at baseline decreased their scores for the Locomotor (p &lt; 0.001) and Manipulative (p &lt; 0.001) subscales, and for the Total MCA (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, the younger children and the more motor proficient did not fully recover from the negative effects of the pandemic lockdown after two years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Developmental Trajectory of Motor Competence of Children That Lived the COVID-19 Confinement Period: A Four-Year Follow-Up Study in Portuguese Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6615-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Carballo-Fazanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CLINURSID Research Group, Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine Department, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Simulation, Life Support, and Intensive Care Research Unit (SICRUS) of the Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6804-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Paulo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer de Melga\u00e7o, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer de Melga\u00e7o, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor P.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-223 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Abelairas-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLINURSID Research Group, Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine Department, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Simulation, Life Support, and Intensive Care Research Unit (SICRUS) of the Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Utesch, T., and Bardid, F. (2019). Motor Competence. Dictionary of Sport Psychology: Sport, Exercise and Performing Arts, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1932290","article-title":"Model Invariance of the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) from Early Childhood to Young Adulthood","volume":"39","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818160d3","article-title":"Does Childhood Motor Skill Proficiency Predict Adolescent Fitness?","volume":"40","author":"Barnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.566368","article-title":"Motor Coordination, Physical Activity and Fitness as Predictors of Longitudinal Change in Adiposity during Childhood","volume":"12","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.01.002","article-title":"Developmental Pathways of Change in Fitness and Motor Competence Are Related to Overweight and Obesity Status at the End of Primary School","volume":"19","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett, L.M., Webster, E.K., Hulteen, R.M., De Meester, A., Valentini, N.C., Lenoir, M., Pesce, C., Getchell, N., Lopes, V.P., and Robinson, L.E. (2022). Through the Looking Glass: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Evidence, Providing New Insight for Motor Competence and Health, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01516-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Meester, A., Barnett, L.M., Brian, A., Bowe, S.J., Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, J., Van Duyse, F., Irwin, J.M., Stodden, D.F., D\u2019Hondt, E., and Lenoir, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01336-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12055","article-title":"Review: The Impact of Motor Development on Typical and Atypical Social Cognition and Language: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6","article-title":"Motor Competence and Its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health","volume":"45","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.55","article-title":"A Longitudinal Analysis of Gross Motor Coordination in Overweight and Obese Children versus Normal-Weight Peers","volume":"37","author":"Deforche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.07.005","article-title":"Correlation between BMI and Motor Coordination in Children","volume":"15","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Meester, A., Stodden, D., Brian, A., True, L., Cardon, G., Tallir, I., and Haerens, L. (2016). Associations among Elementary School Children\u2019s Actual Motor Competence, Perceived Motor Competence, Physical Activity and BMI: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164600"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09429-3","article-title":"Early Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Children Living in the U.S","volume":"20","author":"Dunton","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.01.009","article-title":"Back to School after Lockdown: The Effect of COVID-19 Restrictions on Children\u2019s Device-Based Physical Activity Metrics","volume":"11","author":"Hurter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.09.009","article-title":"Correlates of Children\u2019s Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Confinement in Portugal","volume":"189","author":"Pombo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e2020159","article-title":"Covid-19 Social Isolation in Brazil: Effects on the Physical Activity Routine of Families with Children","volume":"39","author":"Pombo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pombo, A., Luz, C., de S\u00e1, C., Rodrigues, L.P., and Cordovil, R. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Portuguese Children\u2019s Motor Competence. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030199"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00049","article-title":"Fundamental Movement Skills in Preschoolers before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Serial Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"27","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.6.561","article-title":"School-Based Fitness Changes Are Lost during the Summer Vacation","volume":"161","author":"Carrel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12562","article-title":"Barriers and Facilitators to Young Children\u2019s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Qualitative Literature","volume":"18","author":"Hesketh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01067.x","article-title":"The K\u00f6rperkoordinationsTest F\u00fcr Kinder: Reference Values and Suitability for 6\u201312-Year-Old Children in Flanders","volume":"21","author":"Vandorpe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.05.009","article-title":"Normative Values of the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) from 3 to 23 Years of Age","volume":"22","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30131-0","article-title":"Promoting Healthy Movement Behaviours among Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30547-X","article-title":"Mitigate the Effects of Home Confinement on Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masten, A.S., and Barnes, A.J. (2018). Resilience in Children: Developmental Perspectives. Children, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5070098"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gabbard, C. (2018). Lifelong Motor Development, Wolters Kluwer Health."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., and Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity, Human Kinetics. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596837"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/7\/3\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:20:44Z","timestamp":1760142044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/7\/3\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk7030064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk7030064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}