{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:08:28Z","timestamp":1774008508346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is the change in time intervals between heart beats, reflecting the autonomic nervous system\u2019s ability to adapt to psychological and physiological demands. Slow breathing enhances parasympathetic activity, increasing HRV. Pranayama, a yoga breathing technique, affords the conscious regulation of respiration frequency. This study aimed to characterize HRV, blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation of basic yoga breathing slow techniques with regular yoga practitioners. Methods: In total, 45 yoga practitioners were included in the study (including 7 males, mean age of 54.04 \u00b1 11.97 years) with varying levels of yoga experience (minimum 3 months, maximum 37 years). Participants performed three breathing conditions: baseline (control) and two yoga techniques (abdominal (adham) and complete (mahat)) breathing, each for 10 min in the supine position (i.e., savasana). For each condition, respiratory frequency, heart rate (HR), blood pressure and peripheral oxygen levels were collected. Results: The findings revealed that both abdominal and complete yoga breathing techniques promoted a decrease in respiratory frequency (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.61; p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.61, respectively), and an increase in peripheral oxygen saturation (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.50; p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.46, respectively), along with blood pressure decreases in all mean values, and a significant decrease in systolic pressure, considering all conditions (p = 0.034, W = 0.08). There were significant increases in standard deviation of HR during abdominal and complete yoga breathing techniques compared with the baseline (p = 0.003, r = 0.31; p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.47, respectively), indicating enhanced parasympathetic activity. Moreover, the complete breathing technique exhibited the greatest variability in HRV measures, with several significant differences compared with abdominal breathing (standard deviation of HR, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.42; SD2, standard deviation of points perpendicular to the Poincar\u00e9 parallel line, p &lt; 0.003, r = 0.31; SD1\/SD2, p &lt; 0.003, r = 0.31), suggesting a more profound impact on autonomic modulation. Conclusions: simple, inexpensive and non-intrusive abdominal and complete yoga breathing techniques can effectively and momentarily enhance HRV and oxygen saturation in adults, mature adults and the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9040184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T06:45:52Z","timestamp":1727937952000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure and Peripheral Oxygen Saturation during Yoga Adham and Mahat Breathing Techniques without Retention in Adult Practitioners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Catela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Quality Education-Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnique University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Higher School of Health, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Quinta do Mergulh\u00e3o Senhora da Guia, 2005-075 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Individual and Community Health-Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnique University of Santar\u00e9m, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Education-Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnique University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Yoga Federation (FPY), Campo Em\u00edlio Infante da C\u00e2mara, 2000-014 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Health-Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnique University of Santar\u00e9m, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Merc\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Health-Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnique University of Santar\u00e9m, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.006","article-title":"Depression, heart rate related variables and cardiovascular disease","volume":"78","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","article-title":"The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"141","author":"Thayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-76382009000200018","article-title":"Basic notions of heart rate variability and its clinical applicability","volume":"24","author":"Vanderlei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology (1996). Heart Rate Variability. Circulation, 93, 1043\u20131065."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6363(96)00116-2","article-title":"Heart rate variability and its sympatho-vagal modulation","volume":"32","author":"Lombardi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12027","article-title":"The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies","volume":"50","author":"Langewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, T., Lau, Z.J., Chen, S.H.A., and Makowski, D. (2021). Heart Rate Variability in Psychology: A Review of HRV Indices and an Analysis Tutorial. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0070.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2170\/physiolsci.RP005506","article-title":"Correlations between the Poincar\u00e9 plot and conventional heart rate variability parameters assessed during paced breathing","volume":"57","author":"Guzik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1109\/10.959330","article-title":"Do existing measures of Poincar\u00e9 plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability?","volume":"48","author":"Brennan","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573","article-title":"Reminder: RMSSD and SD1 are identical heart rate variability metrics","volume":"56","author":"Ciccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aat.2012.03.002","article-title":"Poincar\u00e9 plot indexes of heart rate variability detect dynamic autonomic modulation during general anesthesia induction","volume":"50","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Taiwanica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00279-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of heart rate variability during long-term follow-up in patients with mild to moderate heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Brouwer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2003.00466.x","article-title":"Poincar\u00e9 plot indexes of heart rate variability capture dynamic adaptations after haemodialysis in chronic renal failure patients","volume":"23","author":"Claudia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.03.005","article-title":"Device and non-device-guided slow breathing to reduce blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Chaddha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02294-2","article-title":"The Effect of Slow-Paced Breathing on Cardiovascular and Emotion Functions: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffen, P.R., Austin, T., DeBarros, A., and Brown, T. (2017). The Impact of Resonance Frequency Breathing on Measures of Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure, and Mood. Front. Public Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00222"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborde, S., Allen, M.S., Borges, U., Dosseville, F., Hosang, T.J., Iskra, M., Mosley, E., Salvotti, C., Spolverato, L., and Zammit, N. (2022). Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104711"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-006-9009-3","article-title":"Characteristics of Resonance in Heart Rate Variability Stimulated by Biofeedback","volume":"31","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehrer, P.M., and Gevirtz, R. (2014). Heart rate variability biofeedback: How and why does it work?. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3401-3","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV) in deep breathing tests and 5-min short-term recordings: Agreement of ear photoplethysmography with ECG measurements, in 343 subjects","volume":"116","author":"Weinschenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H33","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.267.1.H33","article-title":"Effects of respiratory interval on vagal modulation of heart rate","volume":"267","author":"Hayano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., and Gemignani, A. (2018). How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00353"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000089200.81962.19","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback increases baroreflex gain and peak expiratory flow","volume":"65","author":"Lehrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9253-x","article-title":"Inhalation\/Exhalation Ratio Modulates the Effect of Slow Breathing on Heart Rate Variability and Relaxation","volume":"39","author":"Verstappen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00029-7","article-title":"Effect of respiratory rate on the relationships between RR interval and systolic blood pressure fluctuations: A frequency-dependent phenomenon","volume":"38","author":"Pitzalis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.772640","article-title":"Device-Guided Paced Breathing in the Home Setting","volume":"1","author":"Parati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10341-5","article-title":"Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure","volume":"351","author":"Bernardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1159","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00109.2014","article-title":"Slow and deep respiration suppresses steady-state sympathetic nerve activity in patients with chronic heart failure: From modeling to clinical application","volume":"307","author":"Harada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92596-3","article-title":"Decreased blood-pressure in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients who regularly elicited the relaxation response","volume":"303","author":"Benson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91070-3","article-title":"12-month follow-up of yoga and bio-feedback in the management of hypertension","volume":"305","author":"Patel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90002-1","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of yoga and bio-feedback in management of hypertension","volume":"306","author":"Patel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(86)90083-8","article-title":"Relaxation and stress management in the treatment of essential hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Irvine","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.183712","article-title":"Yoga and heart rate variability: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Tyagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"32","article-title":"Yoga and hypertension: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Tyagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283362762","article-title":"Psychological predictors of the antihypertensive effects of music-guided slow breathing","volume":"28","author":"Modesti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.02.042","article-title":"Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system","volume":"67","author":"Jerath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Iyengar, B.K.S. (1981). Light on Pranayama: The Yogic Art of Breathing, Crossroad."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Taimni, I.K. (2010). The Science of Yoga, The Theosophical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Van Lysebeth, A. (1978). Pranayama. A Din\u00e2mica da Respira\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro do Livro Brasileiro."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Saraswati, S.S. (2008). Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha, Bihar School of Yoga."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110569","article-title":"Investigating components of pranayama for effects on heart rate variability","volume":"148","author":"Sharpe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"van Lysebeth, A. (1968). J\u2019apprends le Yoga, Flammarion."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2019-0331","article-title":"Immediate effect of Kapalbhathi pranayama on short term heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Lalitha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3303-9","article-title":"Validity of the Polar V800 heart rate monitor to measure RR intervals at rest","volume":"116","author":"Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04142-5","article-title":"RR interval signal quality of a heart rate monitor and an ECG Holter at rest and during exercise","volume":"119","author":"Schweizer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/7\/008","article-title":"Association between RR interval and high-frequency heart rate variability acquired during short-term, resting recordings with free and paced breathing","volume":"29","author":"Sandercock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2014.04.007","article-title":"gHRV: Heart rate variability analysis made easy","volume":"116","author":"Lado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/08037050903262496","article-title":"Validation of four automatic devices for self-measurement of blood pressure according to the International Protocol: The Pic Indolor Personal Check, Comfort Check, My Check and Travel Check","volume":"18","author":"Germano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00126097-200202000-00002","article-title":"Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol for validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults","volume":"7","author":"Pickering","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Caring for Newborns and Children in the Community, WHO."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1179\/027249303235002206","article-title":"Counting respiratory rate in infants under 2 months: Comparison between observation and auscultation","volume":"23","author":"Singhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2015). Quality Management Systems\u2014Requirements (Standard No. ISO 9001:2015(en)). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui#iso:std:iso:9001:ed-5:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2016). Medical Devices\u2014Quality Management Systems\u2014Requirements for Regulatory Purposes. Standard No. ISO 13485:2016(en). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui#iso:std:iso:13485:ed-3:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/51.620503","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of heart-rate variability","volume":"16","author":"Vila","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07051-8","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure and mortality","volume":"355","author":"Port","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.08.007","article-title":"Nonlinear properties of cardiac rhythm and respiratory signal under paced breathing in young and middle-aged healthy subjects","volume":"36","author":"Kalauzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0074","article-title":"Slow Yogic Breathing and Long-Term Cardiac Autonomic Adaptations: A Pilot Study","volume":"23","author":"Bertisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2004.08.005","article-title":"Appearance of high-frequency alpha band with disappearance of low-frequency alpha band in EEG is produced during voluntary abdominal breathing in an eyes-closed condition","volume":"50","author":"Fumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199911000-00014","article-title":"Zazen and cardiac variability","volume":"61","author":"Lehrer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.01.003","article-title":"Effects of rhythmical muscle tension at 0.1Hz on cardiovascular resonance and the baroreflex","volume":"81","author":"Lehrer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001147","article-title":"Breathing-control lowers blood pressure","volume":"15","author":"Grossman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12972","article-title":"Acute fall and long-term rise in oxygen saturation in response to meditation","volume":"54","author":"Bernardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0202.103311","article-title":"Slow Breathing Increases Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"105","author":"Bernardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.4.842","article-title":"Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia","volume":"94","author":"Hayano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhogal, A.S., and Mani, A.R. (2017). Pattern Analysis of Oxygen Saturation Variability in Healthy Individuals: Entropy of Pulse Oximetry Signals Carries Information about Mean Oxygen Saturation. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00555"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garavaglia, L., Gulich, D., Defeo, M.M., Thomas Mailland, J., and Irurzun, I.M. (2021). The effect of age on the heart rate variability of healthy subjects. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255894"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornet, L., Hoeks, A.P.G., Janssen, B.J.A., Houben, A.J., De Leeuw, P.W., and Reneman, R.S. (2005). Neural activity of the cardiac baroreflex decreases with age in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens., 23.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000163151.50825.e2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0972753120950075","article-title":"Impact of Altered Breathing Patterns on Interaction of EEG and Heart Rate Variability","volume":"27","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.813547","article-title":"Very low-frequency heart rate variability wave amplitude and sympathetic stimulation-characterization and modeling","volume":"50","author":"Eliash","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000603","article-title":"Vagal Mediation of Low-Frequency Heart Rate Variability During Slow Yogic Breathing","volume":"80","author":"Kromenacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014587304314","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Method for Assessing Baroreflex Function: A Preliminary Study of Resonance in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"27","author":"Vaschillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats","volume":"34","author":"Berntson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-022-09543-5","article-title":"An Undergraduate Program with Heart: Thirty Years of Truman HRV Research","volume":"47","author":"Shaffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9133-y","article-title":"Biofeedback of Heart Rate Variability and Related Physiology: A Critical Review","volume":"35","author":"Wheat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natarajan, A. (2023). Heart rate variability during mindful breathing meditation. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1017350"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"17","article-title":"The influence of changing respiratory rate on HRV is portrayed by descriptors of Poincar\u00e9 plot analysis","volume":"12","author":"Guzik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.05.004","article-title":"Poincar\u00e9 plot indexes of heart rate variability: Relationships with other nonlinear variables","volume":"177","author":"Hoshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.01.021","article-title":"Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"78","author":"Streeter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/4\/184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:50Z","timestamp":1760112590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/9\/4\/184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfmk9040184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk9040184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]}}}