{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:11:02Z","timestamp":1773965462218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT, Sport Physical Activity and Health Research &amp; Innovation Center, Polytechnic University of Santar\u00e9m","award":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04748\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFMK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Riding a bicycle is a foundational movement skill that can be acquired at an early age. The most common training bicycle has lateral training wheels (BTW). However, the balance bike (BB) has consistently been regarded as more efficient, as children require less time on this bike to successfully transition to a traditional bike (TB). The reasons for this greater efficiency remain unclear, but it is hypothesized that it is due to the immediate balancing requirements for learners. This study aimed to investigate the reasons why the BB is more efficient than the BTW for learning to cycle on a TB. Methods: We compared the variability of the child\u2013bicycle system throughout the learning process with these two types of training bicycles and after transitioning to the TB. Data were collected during the Learning to Cycle Program, with 23 children (6.00 \u00b1 1.2 years old) included. Participants were divided into two experimental training groups, BB (N = 12) and BTW (N = 11). The angular velocity data of the child\u2013bicycle system were collected by four inertial measurement sensors (IMUs), located on the child\u2019s vertex and T2 and the bicycle frame and handlebar, in three time phases: (i) before practice sessions, (ii) immediately after practice sessions, and (iii), two months after practice sessions with the TB. The largest Lyapunov exponents were calculated to assess movement variability. Conclusions: Results supported the hypothesis that the BB affords greater functional variability during practice sessions compared to the BTW, affording more functionally adaptive responses in the learning transition to using a TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9040266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T08:40:10Z","timestamp":1733820010000},"page":"266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Learning to Cycle: Why Is the Balance Bike More Efficient than the Bicycle with Training Wheels? The Lyapunov\u2019s Answer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Merc\u00ea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Health\u2014Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnique University of Santar\u00e9m, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport & Human Performance Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Cordovil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Catela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Quality Education\u2014Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnique University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Avenue Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares No. 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Health\u2014Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnique University of Santar\u00e9m, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complex Andaluz, Apart 279, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0892-6","article-title":"Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan","volume":"48","author":"Hulteen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.020","article-title":"Quantifying cycling as a foundational movement skill in early childhood","volume":"23","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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